Automatic context sensitive language generation, correction and enhancement using an internet corpus

ABSTRACT

A computer-assisted language generation system including sentence retrieval functionality, operative on the basis of an input text containing words, to retrieve from an internet corpus a plurality of sentences containing words which correspond to the words in the input text and sentence generation functionality operative using a plurality of sentences retrieved by the sentence retrieval functionality from the internet corpus to generate at least one correct sentence giving expression to the input text.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Reference is hereby made to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/953,209, filed Aug. 1, 2007, entitled METHODS FOR CONTEXT SENSITIVE ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION, and to PCT Patent Application PCT/IL2008/001051 filed Jul. 31, 2008, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference and priority of which is hereby claimed pursuant to 37 CFR 1.78(a) (4) and (5)(i).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to computer-assisted language generation and correction generally and more particularly as applicable to machine translation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The following publications are believed to represent the current state of the art:

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,659,771; 5,907,839; 6,424,983; 7,296,019; 5,956,739 and 4,674,065

U.S. Published Patent Application Nos. 2006/0247914 and 2007/0106937;

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention seeks to provide improved systems and functionalities for computer-assisted language generation.

There is thus provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a computer-assisted language generation system comprising:

sentence retrieval functionality, operative on the basis of an input text containing words, to retrieve from an internet corpus a plurality of sentences containing words which correspond to the words in the input text; and

sentence generation functionality operative using a plurality of sentences retrieved by the sentence retrieval functionality from the internet corpus to generate at least one correct sentence giving expression to the input text.

Preferably, the sentence retrieval functionality comprises:

an independent phrase generator splitting the input text into one or more independent phrases;

a word stem generator and classifier, operative for each independent phrase to generate word stems for words appearing therein and to assign importance weights thereto; and

an alternatives generator for generating alternative word stems corresponding to the word stems.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the computer-assisted language generation system and also comprises a stem to sentence index which interacts with the internet corpus for retrieving the plurality of sentences containing words which correspond to the words in the input text.

Preferably, the sentence generation functionality comprises:

sentence simplification functionality operative to simplify the sentences retrieved from the internet corpus;

simplified sentence grouping functionality for grouping similar simplified sentences provided by the sentence simplification functionality;

and simplified sentence group ranking functionality for ranking groups of the similar simplified sentences.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the simplified sentence group ranking functionality operates using at least some of the following criteria:

A. the number of simplified sentences contained in a group;

B. degree to which the word stems of the words in the group correspond to the word stems in an independent phrase and their alternatives;

C. the extent to which the group includes words which do not correspond to the words in the independent phrase and their alternatives.

Preferably, the simplified sentence group ranking functionality operates using at least part of the following procedure:

-   -   defining the weight of a word stem, to indicate the importance         of the word in the language;     -   calculating a Positive Match Rank corresponding to criterion B;     -   calculating a Negative Match Rank corresponding to criterion C;     -   calculating a Composite Rank based on:         -   the number of simplified sentences contained in a group and             corresponding to criterion A;         -   the Positive Match Rank; and         -   the Negative Match Rank.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the computer-assisted language generation system also comprises machine translation functionality providing the input text.

There is also provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a machine translation system comprising:

machine translation functionality; sentence retrieval functionality, operative on the basis of an input text provided by the machine translation functionality, to retrieve from an internet corpus a plurality of sentences containing words which correspond to words in the input text; and

sentence generation functionality operative using a plurality of sentences retrieved by the sentence retrieval functionality from the internet corpus to generate at least one correct sentence giving expression to the input text generated by the machine translation functionality.

Preferably, the machine translation functionality provides a plurality of alternatives corresponding to words in the input text and the sentence retrieval functionality is operative to retrieve from the internet corpus a plurality of sentences containing words which correspond to the alternatives.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, language generation comprises text correction.

There is also provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a text correction system comprising:

sentence retrieval functionality, operative on the basis of an input text provided by the text correction functionality, to retrieve from an internet corpus a plurality of sentences containing words which correspond to words in the input text; and

sentence correction functionality operative using a plurality of sentences retrieved by the sentence retrieval functionality from the internet corpus to generate at least one correct sentence giving expression to the input text.

Preferably, the system also comprises sentence search functionality providing the input text based on user-entered query words.

There is also provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a sentence search system comprising:

sentence search functionality providing an input text based on user-entered query words;

sentence retrieval functionality, operative on the basis of the input text provided by the sentence search functionality, to retrieve from an internet corpus a plurality of sentences containing words which correspond to words in the input text; and

sentence generation functionality operative using a plurality of sentences retrieved by the sentence retrieval functionality from the internet corpus to generate at least one correct sentence giving expression to the input text generated by the sentence search functionality.

Preferably, the computer-assisted language generation system also comprises speech-to-text conversion functionality providing the input text.

There is also provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a speech-to-text conversion system comprising:

speech-to-text conversion functionality providing an input text;

sentence retrieval functionality, operative on the basis of the input text provided by the sentence search functionality, to retrieve from an internet corpus a plurality of sentences containing words which correspond to words in the input text; and

sentence generation functionality operative using a plurality of sentences retrieved by the sentence retrieval functionality from the internet corpus to generate at least one correct sentence giving expression to the input text generated by the speech-to-text conversion functionality.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including an alternatives generator, generating on the basis of an input sentence a text-based representation providing multiple alternatives for each of a plurality of words in the sentence, a selector for selecting among at least the multiple alternatives for each of the plurality of words in the sentence, based at least partly on an internet corpus, and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based on selections made by the selector.

Preferably, the selector is operative to make the selections based on at least one of the following correction functions: spelling correction, misused word correction, grammar correction and vocabulary enhancement.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the selector is operative to make the selections based on at least two of the following correction functions: spelling correction, misused word correction, grammar correction; and vocabulary enhancement. Additionally, the selector is operative to make the selections based on at least one of the following time ordering of corrections: spelling correction prior to at least one of misused word correction, grammar correction and vocabulary enhancement, and misused word correction and grammar correction prior to vocabulary enhancement.

Additionally or alternatively, the input sentence is provided by one of the following functionalities: word processor functionality, machine translation functionality, speech-to-text conversion functionality, optical character recognition functionality and instant messaging functionality, and the selector is operative to make the selections based on at least one of the following correction functions: misused word correction, grammar correction and vocabulary enhancement.

Preferably, the correction generator includes a corrected language input generator operative to provide a corrected language output based on selections made by the selector without requiring user intervention. Additionally or alternatively, the grammar correction functionality includes at least one of punctuation, verb inflection, single/plural, article and preposition correction functionalities.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the grammar correction functionality includes at least one of replacement, insertion and omission correction functionalities.

Preferably, the selector includes context based scoring functionality operative to rank the multiple alternatives, based at least partially on contextual feature-sequence (CFS) frequencies of occurrences in an internet corpus. Additionally, the context based scoring functionality is also operative to rank the multiple alternatives based at least partially on normalized CFS frequencies of occurrences in the internet corpus.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including at least one of spelling correction functionality, misused word correction functionality, grammar correction functionality and vocabulary enhancement functionality, and contextual feature-sequence functionality cooperating with at least one of the spelling correction functionality; the misused word correction functionality, grammar correction functionality and the vocabulary enhancement functionality and employing an internet corpus.

Preferably, the grammar correction functionality includes at least one of punctuation, verb inflection, single/plural, article and preposition correction functionalities. Additionally or alternatively, the grammar correction functionality includes at least one of replacement, insertion and omission correction functionalities.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the computer-assisted language correction system includes at least two of the spelling correction functionality, the misused word correction functionality, the grammar correction functionality and the vocabulary enhancement functionality, and the contextual feature-sequence functionality cooperates with at least two of the spelling correction functionality, the misused word correction functionality, the grammar correction functionality and the vocabulary enhancement functionality, and employs an internet corpus.

Preferably, the computer-assisted language correction system also includes at least three of the spelling correction functionality, the misused word correction functionality; the grammar correction functionality and the vocabulary enhancement functionality and the contextual feature-sequence functionality cooperates with at least three of the spelling correction functionality, the misused word correction functionality, the grammar correction functionality and the vocabulary enhancement functionality, and employs an internet corpus.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the computer-assisted language correction system also includes the spelling correction functionality, the misused word correction functionality, the grammar correction functionality and the vocabulary enhancement functionality, and the contextual feature-sequence functionality cooperates with the spelling correction functionality, the misused word correction functionality, the grammar correction functionality and the vocabulary enhancement functionality, and employs an internet corpus.

Preferably, the correction generator includes a corrected language generator operative to provide a corrected language output based on selections made by the selector without requiring user intervention.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including an alternatives generator, generating on the basis of a language input a text-based representation providing multiple alternatives for each of a plurality of words in the sentence, a selector for selecting among at least the multiple alternatives for each of the plurality of words in the language input, based at least partly on a relationship between selected ones of the multiple alternatives for at least some of the plurality of words in the language input and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based on selections made by the selector.

Preferably, the language input includes at least one of an input sentence and an input text. Additionally or alternatively, the language input is speech and the generator converts the language input in speech to a text-based representation providing multiple alternatives for a plurality of words in the language input.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the language input is at least one of a text input, an output of optical character recognition functionality, an output of machine translation functionality and an output of word processing functionality, and the generator converts the language input in text to a text-based representation providing multiple alternatives for a plurality of words in the language input.

Preferably, the selector is operative to make the selections based on at least two of the following correction functions: spelling correction, misused word correction, grammar correction and vocabulary enhancement. Additionally, the selector is operative to make the selections based on at least one of the following time ordering of corrections: spelling correction prior to at least one of misused word correction, grammar correction and vocabulary enhancement, and misused word correction and grammar correction prior to vocabulary enhancement.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the language input is speech and the selector is operative to make the selections based on at least one of the following correction functions: misused word correction, grammar correction and vocabulary enhancement.

Preferably, the selector is operative to make the selections by carrying out at least two of the following functions: selection of a first set of words or combinations of words which include less than all of the plurality of words in the language input for an initial selection, thereafter ordering elements of the first set of words or combinations of words to establish priority of selection and thereafter when selecting among the multiple alternatives for an element of the first set of words, choosing other words, but not all, of the plurality of words as a context to influence the selecting. Additionally or alternatively, the selector is operative to make the selections by carrying out the following function: when selecting for an element having at least two words, evaluating each of the multiple alternatives for each of the at least two words in combination with each of the multiple alternatives for each other of the at least two words.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the correction generator includes a corrected language input generator operative to provide a corrected language output based on selections made by the selector without requiring user intervention.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including a misused-word suspector evaluating at least most of the words in an language input on the basis of their fit within a context of the language input and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based at least partially on an evaluation performed by the suspector.

Preferably, the computer-assisted language correction system also includes an alternatives generator, generating on the basis of the language input, a text-based representation providing multiple alternatives for at least one of the at least most words in the language input and a selector for selecting among at least the multiple alternatives for each of the at least one of the at least most words in the language input, and the correction generator is operative to provide the correction output based on selections made by the selector. Additionally or alternatively, the computer-assisted language correction system also includes a suspect word output indicator indicating an extent to which at least some of the at least most of the words in the language input is suspect as a misused-word.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the correction generator includes an automatic corrected language generator operative to provide a corrected text output based at least partially on an evaluation performed by the suspector, without requiring user intervention.

Preferably, the language input is speech and the selector is operative to make the selections based on at least one of the following correction functions: misused word correction, grammar correction and vocabulary enhancement.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including a misused-word suspector evaluating words in an language input, an alternatives generator, generating multiple alternatives for at least some of the words in the language input evaluated as suspect words by the suspector, at least one of the multiple alternatives for a word in the language input being consistent with a contextual feature of the word in the language input in an internet corpus, a selector for selecting among at least the multiple alternatives and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based at least partially on a selection made by the selector.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including a misused-word suspector evaluating words in an language input and identifying suspect words, an alternatives generator, generating multiple alternatives for the suspect words, a selector, grading each the suspect word as well as ones of the multiple alternatives therefor generated by the alternatives generator according to multiple selection criteria, and applying a bias in favor of the suspect word vis-à-vis ones of the multiple alternatives therefor generated by the alternatives generator and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based at least partially on a selection made by the selector.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including an alternatives generator, generating on the basis of an input multiple alternatives for at least one word in the input, a selector, grading each the at least one word as well as ones of the multiple alternatives therefor generated by the alternatives generator according to multiple selection criteria, and applying a bias in favor of the at least one word vis-à-vis ones of the multiple alternatives therefor generated by the alternatives generator, the bias being a function of an input uncertainty metric indicating uncertainty of a person providing the input, and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based on a selection made by the selector.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including an incorrect word suspector evaluating at least most of the words in a language input, the suspector being at least partially responsive to an input uncertainty metric indicating uncertainty of a person providing the input, the suspector providing a suspected incorrect word output, and an alternatives generator, generating a plurality of alternatives for suspected incorrect words identified by the suspected incorrect word output, a selector for selecting among each suspected incorrect word and the plurality of alternatives generated by the alternatives generator, and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based on a selection made by the selector.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including at least one of a spelling correction module, a misused-word correction module, a grammar correction module and a vocabulary enhancement module receiving a multi-word input and providing a correction output, each of the at least one of a spelling correction module, a misused-word correction module, a grammar correction module and a vocabulary enhancement module including an alternative word candidate generator including phonetic similarity functionality operative to propose alternative words based on phonetic similarity to a word in the input and to indicate a metric of phonetic similarity and character string similarity functionality operative to propose alternative words based on character string similarity to a word in the input and to indicate a metric of character string similarity for each alternative word, and a selector operative to select either a word in the output or an alternative word candidate proposed by the alternative word candidate generator by employing the phonetic similarity and character string similarity metrics together with context-based selection functionality.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including suspect word identification functionality, receiving a multi-word language input and providing a suspect word output which indicates suspect words, feature identification functionality operative to identify features including the suspect words, an alternative selector identifying alternatives to the suspect words, feature occurrence functionality employing a corpus and providing an occurrence output, ranking various features including the alternatives as to their frequency of use in the corpus, and a selector employing the occurrence output to provide a correction output, the feature identification functionality including feature filtration functionality including at least one of functionality for eliminating features containing suspected errors, functionality for negatively biasing features which contain words introduced in an earlier correction iteration of the multi-word input and which have a confidence level below a confidence level predetermined threshold, and functionality for eliminating features which are contained in another feature having an frequency of occurrence above a predetermined frequency threshold.

Preferably, the selector is operative to make the selections based on at least two of the following correction functions: spelling correction, misused word correction, grammar correction and vocabulary enhancement. Additionally, the selector is operative to make the selections based on at least one of the following time ordering of corrections: spelling correction prior to at least one of misused word correction, grammar correction and vocabulary enhancement and misused word correction and grammar correction prior to vocabulary enhancement.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the language input is speech and the selector is operative to make the selections based on at least one of the following correction functions: grammar correction, and misused word correction and vocabulary enhancement.

Preferably, the correction generator includes a corrected language input generator operative to provide a corrected language output based on selections made by the selector without requiring user intervention.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the selector is also operative to make the selections based at least partly on a user input uncertainty metric. Additionally, the user input uncertainty metric is a function based on a measurement of the uncertainty of a person providing the input. Additionally or alternatively, the selector also employs user input history learning functionality.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including suspect word identification functionality, receiving a multi-word language input and providing a suspect word output which indicates suspect words, feature identification functionality operative to identify features including the suspect words, an alternative selector identifying alternatives to the suspect words, occurrence functionality employing a corpus and providing an occurrence output, ranking features including the alternatives as to their frequency of use in the corpus, and a correction output generator, employing the occurrence output to provide a correction output, the feature identification functionality including at least one of: N-gram identification functionality and co-occurrence identification functionality, and at least one of: skip-gram identification functionality, switch-gram identification functionality and previously used by user feature identification functionality.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including a grammatical error suspector evaluating at least most of the words in an language input on the basis of their fit within a context of the language input and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based at least partially on an evaluation performed by the suspector.

Preferably, the computer-assisted language correction system also includes an alternatives generator, generating on the basis of the language input, a text-based representation providing multiple alternatives for at least one of the at least most words in the language input, and a selector for selecting among at least the multiple alternatives for each of the at least one of the at least most words in the language input, and the correction generator is operative to provide the correction output based on selections made by the selector.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the computer-assisted language correction system also includes a suspect word output indicator indicating an extent to which at least some of the at least most of the words in the language input is suspect as containing grammatical error.

Preferably, the correction generator includes an automatic corrected language generator operative to provide a corrected text output based at least partially on an evaluation performed by the suspector, without requiring user intervention.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including a grammatical error suspector evaluating words in an language input, an alternatives generator, generating multiple alternatives for at least some of the words in the language input evaluated as suspect words by the suspector, at least one of the multiple alternatives for a word in the language input being consistent with a contextual feature of the word in the language input, a selector for selecting among at least the multiple alternatives and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based at least partially on a selection made by the selector.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including a grammatical error suspector evaluating words in an language input and identifying suspect words, an alternatives generator, generating multiple alternatives for the suspect words, a selector, grading each the suspect word as well as ones of the multiple alternatives therefor generated by the alternatives generator according to multiple selection criteria, and applying a bias in favor of the suspect word vis-à-vis ones of the multiple alternatives therefor generated by the alternatives generator, and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based at least partially on a selection made by the selector.

Preferably, the correction generator includes a corrected language input generator operative to provide a corrected language output based on selections made by the selector without requiring user intervention.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including context based scoring of various alternative corrections, based at least partially on contextual feature-sequence (CFS) frequencies of occurrences in an interne corpus.

Preferably, the computer-assisted language correction system also includes at least one of spelling correction functionality, misused word correction functionality, grammar correction functionality and vocabulary enhancement functionality, cooperating with the context based scoring.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention the context based scoring is also based at least partially on normalized CFS frequencies of occurrences in an internet corpus. Additionally or alternatively, the context based scoring is also based at least partially on a CFS importance score. Additionally, the CFS importance score is a function of at least one of the following: operation of a part-of-speech tagging and sentence parsing functionality; a CFS length; a frequency of occurrence of each of the words in the CFS and a CFS type.

There is still further provided in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention a computer-assisted language correction system including vocabulary enhancement functionality including vocabulary-challenged words identification functionality, alternative vocabulary enhancements generation functionality and context based scoring functionality, based at least partially on contextual feature-sequence (CFS) frequencies of occurrences in an internet corpus, the alternative vocabulary enhancements generation functionality including thesaurus pre-processing functionality operative to generate candidates for vocabulary enhancement.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including an alternatives generator, generating on the basis of an input sentence a text-based representation providing multiple alternatives for each of a plurality of words in the sentence, a selector for selecting among at least the multiple alternatives for each of the plurality of words in the sentence, a confidence level assigner operative to assign a confidence level to the selected alternative from the multiple alternatives and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based on selections made by the selector and at least partially on the confidence level.

Preferably, the multiple alternatives are evaluated based on contextual feature sequences (CFSs) and the confidence level is based on at least one of the following parameters: number, type and scoring of selected CFSs, a measure of statistical significance of frequency of occurrence of the multiple alternatives, in the context of the CFSs, degree of consensus on the selection of one of the multiple alternatives, based on preference metrics of each of the CFSs and word similarity scores of the multiple alternatives, a non-contextual similarity score of the one of the multiple alternatives being above a first predetermined minimum threshold and an extent of contextual data available, as indicated by the number of the CFSs having CFS scores above a second predetermined minimum threshold and having preference scores over a third predetermined threshold.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including a punctuation error suspector evaluating at least some of the words and punctuation in a language input on the basis of their fit within a context of the language input based on frequency of occurrence of feature-grams of the language input in an internet corpus and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based at least partially on an evaluation performed by the suspector.

Preferably, the correction generator includes at least one of missing punctuation correction functionality, superfluous punctuation correction functionality and punctuation replacement correction functionality.

The various embodiments summarized above may be combined with or also include a computer-assisted language correction system including a grammatical element error suspector evaluating at least some of the words in a language input on the basis of their fit within a context of the language input based on frequency of occurrence of feature-grams of the language input in an internet corpus and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based at least partially on an evaluation performed by the suspector.

Preferably, the correction generator includes at least one of missing grammatical element correction functionality, superfluous grammatical element correction functionality and grammatical element replacement correction functionality. Additionally or alternatively, the grammatical element is one of an article, a preposition and a conjunction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustration of a system and functionality for computer-assisted language correction constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a simplified flow chart illustrating spelling correction functionality, preferably employed in the system and functionality of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a simplified flow chart illustrating misused word and grammar correction functionality, preferably employed in the system and functionality of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a simplified flow chart illustrating vocabulary enhancement functionality, preferably employed in the system and functionality of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram illustrating contextual-feature-sequence (CFS) functionality, preferably employed in the system and functionality of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6A is a simplified flow chart illustrating spelling correction functionality forming part of the functionality of FIG. 2 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6B is a simplified flow chart illustrating misused word and grammar correction functionality forming part of the functionality of FIG. 3 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6C is a simplified flow chart illustrating vocabulary enhancement functionality forming part of the functionality of FIG. 4 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7A is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for generating alternative corrections which is useful in the functionalities of FIGS. 2 and 3;

FIG. 7B is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for generating alternative enhancements which is useful in the functionality of FIG. 4;

FIG. 8 is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for non-contextual word similarity-based scoring and contextual scoring, preferably using an internet corpus, of various alternative corrections useful in the spelling correction functionality of FIG. 2;

FIG. 9 is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for non-contextual word similarity-based scoring and contextual scoring, preferably using an internet corpus, of various alternative corrections useful in the misused word and grammar correction functionalities of FIGS. 3, 10 and 11 and in the vocabulary enhancement functionality of FIG. 4;

FIG. 10 is a simplified flowchart illustrating the operation of missing article, preposition and punctuation correction functionality;

FIG. 11 is a simplified flowchart illustrating the operation of superfluous article, preposition and punctuation correction functionality;

FIG. 12 is a simplified block diagram illustration of a system and functionality for computer-assisted language translation and generation, constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a simplified flow chart illustrating sentence retrieval functionality preferably forming part of the system and functionality of FIG. 12;

FIGS. 14A and 14B together are a simplified flow chart illustrating sentence generation functionality preferably forming part of the system and functionality of FIG. 12; and

FIG. 15 is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for generating alternatives which is useful in the functionalities of FIGS. 13, 14A & 14B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which is a simplified block diagram illustration of a system and functionality for computer-assisted language correction constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As seen in FIG. 1, text for correction is supplied to a language correction module 100 from one or more sources, including, without limitation, word processor functionality 102, machine translation functionality 104, speech-to-text conversion functionality 106, optical character recognition functionality 108 and any other text source 110, such as instant messaging or the internet.

Language correction module 100 preferably includes spelling correction functionality 112, misused word and grammar correction functionality 114 and vocabulary enhancement functionality 116.

It is a particular feature of the present invention that spelling correction functionality 112, misused word and grammar correction functionality 114 and vocabulary enhancement functionality 116 each interact with contextual-feature-sequence (CFS) functionality 118, which utilizes an internet corpus 120.

A contextual-feature-sequence or CFS is defined for the purposes of the present description as including, N-grams, skip-grams, switch-grams, co-occurrences, “previously used by user features” and combinations thereof, which are in turn defined hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 5. It is noted that for simplicity and clarity of description, most of the examples which follow employ n-grams only. It is understood that the invention is not so limited.

The use of an internet corpus is important in that it provides significant statistical data for an extremely large number of contextual-feature-sequences, resulting in highly robust language correction functionality. In practice, combinations of over two words have very poor statistics in conventional non-internet corpuses but have acceptable or good statistics in internet corpuses.

An internet corpus is a large representative sample of natural language text which is collected from the world wide web, usually by crawling on the internet and collecting text from website pages. Preferably, dynamic text, such as chat transcripts, texts from web forums and texts from blogs, is also collected. The collected text is used for accumulating statistics on natural language text. The size of an internet corpus can be, for example, one trillion (1,000,000,000,000) words or several trillion words, as opposed to more typical corpus sizes of up to 2 billion words. A small sample of the web, such as the web corpus, includes 10 billion words, which is significantly less than one percent of the web texts indexed by search engines, such as GOOGLE®. The present invention can work with a sample of the web, such as the web corpus, but preferably it utilizes a significantly larger sample of the web for the task of text correction.

An internet corpus is preferably employed in one of the following two ways:

One or more internet search engines is employed using a CFS as a search query. The number of results for each such query provides the frequency of occurrence of that CFS.

A local index is built up over time by crawling and indexing the internet. The number of occurrences of each CFS provides the CFS frequency. The local index, as well as the search queries, may be based on selectable parts of the internet and may be identified with those selected parts. Similarly, parts of the internet may be excluded or appropriately weighted in order to correct anomalies between internet usage and general language usage. In such a way, websites that are reliable in terms of language usage, such as news and government websites, may be given greater weight than other websites, such as chat or user forums.

Preferably, input text is initially supplied to spelling correction functionality 112 and thereafter to misused word and grammar correction functionality 114. The input text may be any suitable text and in the context of word processing is preferably a part of a document, such as a sentence. Vocabulary enhancement functionality 116 preferably is operated at the option of a user on text that has already been supplied to spelling correction functionality 112 and to misused word and grammar correction functionality 114.

Preferably, the language correction module 100 provides an output which includes corrected text accompanied by one or more suggested alternatives for each corrected word or group of words.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating spelling correction functionality, preferably employed in the system and functionality of FIG. 1. As seen in FIG. 2, the spelling correction functionality preferably comprises the following steps:

identifying spelling errors in an input text, preferably using a conventional dictionary enriched with proper names and words commonly used on the internet;

grouping spelling errors into clusters, which may include single or multiple words, consecutive or near consecutive, having spelling mistakes and selecting a cluster for correction. This selection attempts to find the cluster which contains the largest amount of correct contextual data. Preferably, the cluster that has the longest sequence or sequences of correctly spelled words in its vicinity is selected. The foregoing steps are described hereinbelow in greater detail with reference to FIG. 6A.

generating one or preferably more alternative corrections for each cluster, preferably based on an algorithm described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 7A;

at least partially non-contextual word similarity-based scoring and contextual scoring, preferably using an internet corpus, of the various alternative corrections, preferably based on a spelling correction alternatives scoring algorithm, described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 8;

for each cluster, selection of a single spelling correction and presentation of most preferred alternative spelling corrections based on the aforesaid scoring; and

providing a corrected text output incorporating the single spelling correction for each misspelled cluster, which replaces a misspelled cluster.

The operation of the functionality of FIG. 2 may be better understood from a consideration of the following example:

The following input text is received:

-   -   Physical ecudation can assits in strenghing muscles. Some         students should eksersiv daily to inprove their strenth and         helth becals thay ea so fate.

The following words are identified as spelling errors:

-   -   ecudation, assits; strenghing; eksersiv; inprove; strenth;         helth; becals; thay, ea.

It is noted that “fate” is not identified as a spelling error inasmuch as it appears in a dictionary.

The following clusters are selected, as seen in Table 1:

TABLE 1 CLUSTER # CLUSTER 1 eksersiv 2 inprove their strenth 3 ecudation 4 assits in strenghing 5 helth becals thay ea

Regarding cluster 2, it is noted that “their” is correctly spelled, but nevertheless included in a cluster since it is surrounded by misspelled words.

Cluster 1, “eksersiv” is selected for correction inasmuch as it has the longest sequence or sequences of correctly spelled words in its vicinity.

The following alternative corrections are generated for the misspelled word “eksersiv”:

-   -   excessive, expressive, obsessive, assertive, exercise,         extensive, exclusive, exertion, excised, exorcism.

Each alternative correction is given a non-contextual word similarity score, based on the similarity of sound and character string to the misspelled word, for example, as seen in Table 2:

TABLE 2 NON CONTEXTUAL WORD ALTERNATIVE SIMILARITY SCORE excessive 0.90 expressive 0.83 exercise 0.80 exorcism 0.56

The non-contextual score may be derived in various ways. One example is by using the Levelnshtein Distance algorithm which is available on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance. This algorithm can be implied on word strings, word phonetic representation, or a combination of both.

Each alternative is also given a contextual score, as seen in Table 3, based on its fit in the context of the input sentence. In this example, the context that is used is “Some students should <eksersiv> daily”

TABLE 3 CONTEXTUAL SCORE FOR NON CONTEXTUAL “Some students should WORD SIMILARITY ALTERNATIVE [alternative] daily” SCORE Excessive 0.00 0.90 Expressive 0.00 0.83 Exercise 1.00 0.80 Exorcism 0.00 0.56 Excised 0.16 0.62

The contextual score is preferably derived as described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 8 and is based on contextual feature sequence (CFS) frequencies in an internet corpus.

The word “exercise” is selected as the best alternative based on a combination of the contextual score and non-contextual word similarity score, as described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 8.

All of the clusters are corrected in a similar manner. The spelling-corrected input text, following spelling correction in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention is:

-   -   Physical education can assist in strengthening muscles. Some         students should exercise daily to improve their strength and         health because they are so fate.

It is noted that there remains a misused word in the spelling-corrected input text. The word “fate” requires correction by the misused word and grammar correction algorithm described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 3.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating misused word and grammar correction functionality, preferably employed in the system and functionality of FIG. 1. The misused word and grammar correction functionality provides correction of words which are correctly spelled but misused in the context of the input text and correction of grammar mistakes, including use of a grammatically incorrect word in place of grammatically correct word, the use of a superfluous word and missing words and punctuation.

As seen in FIG. 3, the misused word and grammar correction functionality preferably comprises the following steps:

identifying suspected misused words and words having grammar mistakes in a spelling-corrected input text output from the spelling correction functionality of FIG. 2, preferably by evaluating the fit of at least most of the words within the context of the input sentence;

grouping suspected misused words and words having grammar mistakes into clusters, which are preferably non-overlapping; and

selecting a cluster for correction. The identifying, grouping and selecting steps are preferably based on an algorithm described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 6B.

generating one or preferably more alternative corrections for each cluster, preferably based on an alternative correction generation algorithm described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 7A;

generating one or preferably more alternative corrections for each cluster, based on a missing article, preposition and punctuation correction algorithm described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 10;

generating one or preferably more alternative corrections for each cluster, based on a superfluous article, preposition and punctuation correction algorithm described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 11;

at least partially context-based and word similarity-based scoring of the various alternative corrections, preferably based on a misused word and grammar correction alternatives scoring algorithm, described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 9;

for each cluster, selection of a single misused word and grammar correction and presentation of most preferred alternative misused word and grammar corrections based on the aforesaid scoring as also described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 9; and

providing a spelling, misused word and grammar-corrected text output incorporating the single misused word and grammar correction for each cluster, which replaces an incorrect cluster.

Preferably, the scoring includes applying a bias in favor of the suspect word vis-à-vis ones of the multiple alternatives therefor, the bias being a function of an input uncertainty metric indicating uncertainty of a person providing the input.

The operation of the functionality of FIG. 3 may be better understood from a consideration of the following example:

The following input text is received:

I have money book

The following words are identified as suspected misused words:

-   -   money, book

The following cluster is generated:

-   -   money book

The following are examples of alternative corrections which are generated for the cluster (partial list):

-   -   money books; money back; money box; money bulk; money Buick;         money ebook; money bank; mini book; mummy book; Monet book;         honey book; mannerly book; mono book; Monday book; many books;         mini bike; mummy back; monkey bunk; Monday booked; Monarchy         back; Mourned brook

The results of at least partially contextual scoring using an internet corpus context-based and non-contextual word similarity-based scoring are presented in Table 4:

TABLE 4 NON CONTEXTUAL CONTEXTUAL GLOBAL CLUSTER SIMILARITY SCORE SCORE SCORE money back 0.72 0.30 0.216 many books 0.84 1.00 0.840 mini bike 0.47 0.75 0.352 money box 0.79 0.40 0.316 money bank 0.65 0.50 0.325 Monday booked 0.70 0.50 0.350 monkey bunk 0.54 0.00 0.000

It is appreciated that there exist various ways of arriving at a global score. The preferred global score is based on the algorithm described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 9.

Based on the above scoring the alternative “many books” is selected. Thus, the corrected text is:

I have many books.

Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating vocabulary enhancement functionality, employed in the system and functionality of FIG. 1. As seen in FIG. 4, the vocabulary enhancement functionality preferably comprises the following steps:

identifying vocabulary-challenged words having suspected suboptimal vocabulary usage in a spelling, misused word and grammar-corrected input text output from the misused word and grammar correction functionality of FIG. 3;

grouping vocabulary-challenged words into clusters, which are preferably non-overlapping;

selecting a cluster for correction. The identifying, grouping and selecting steps are preferably based on an algorithm described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 6C.

generating one or preferably more alternative vocabulary enhancements for each cluster, preferably based on a vocabulary enhancement generation algorithm, described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 7B;

non-contextual word similarity-based scoring and contextual scoring, preferably using an internet corpus, of the various alternative vocabulary enhancements, preferably based on a vocabulary enhancement alternatives scoring algorithm, described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 9;

for each cluster, selection of a single vocabulary enhancement and presentation of most preferred alternative vocabulary enhancements based on the aforesaid scoring, also described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 9; and

providing vocabulary enhancement proposals for each sub-optimal vocabulary cluster.

The operation of the functionality of FIG. 4 may be better understood from a consideration of the following example:

The following spelling, misused word and grammar-connected input text is provided:

-   -   Wearing colorful clothes will separate us from the rest of the         children in the school.

Using the functionality described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 6C, the following cluster is selected for vocabulary enhancement:

-   -   separate

Using the functionality described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 7B, the following alternative cluster corrections, seen in Table 5, are generated based on the preprocessed lexical database that is described in FIG. 7B (partial list):

TABLE 5 FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE IN INTERNET PREPROCESSED WORD CORPUS RICHNESS SCORE Furcated 1500 1.00 Disjoin 7800 0.97 Classify 1530500 0.93 Discriminate 1600400 0.91 Differentiate 1805600 0.90 Divide 4605800 0.88 Distinguish 4640900 0.88 Split 14003700 0.75 Branch 17106200 0.75 Separate 32765953 0.73 Break 39643000 0.72 Part 211805500 0.66

The various alternative vocabulary enhancements are scored using an internet corpus based at least partially on their fit within the context of the input text and also on their word meaning similarity to the vocabulary-challenged word “separate”.

Using the functionality described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘will separate’, ‘separate us’, ‘clothes will separate’, ‘will         separate us’, ‘separate us from’

Using the functionality described hereinbelow with reference to Stage IIA of FIG. 9, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 6 is generated for the partial list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 6 CFS/ALTERNATIVE clothes will CLUSTER will separate will separate separate CORRECTIONS separate us separate us us from Classify 18180 1270 0 0 0 Discriminate 6440 215 0 0 0 Differentiate 24420 8365 0 740 5555

All CFSs for which all alternative corrections have a zero frequency of occurrence are eliminated. In this example the following feature-gram is eliminated:

-   -   ‘clothes will separate’

Thereafter, all CFSs which are entirely included in other CFSs having at least a minimum threshold frequency of occurrence are eliminated. For example, the following feature-grams are eliminated:

-   -   ‘will separate’, ‘separate us’

In this example, the remaining CFSs are the feature-grams:

-   -   ‘will separate us’, ‘separate us from’

Using the final preference score described hereinbelow in stages IID and

IIE with reference to FIG. 9, the alternative “differentiate” is selected and the enhanced sentence is:

-   -   Wearing colorful clothes will differentiate us from the rest of         the children in the school.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is a simplified block diagram illustrating contextual-feature-sequence (CFS) functionality 118 (FIG. 1) useful in the system and functionality for computer-assisted language correction of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

The CFS functionality 118 preferably includes feature extraction functionality including N-gram extraction functionality and optionally at least one of skip-gram extraction functionality; switch-gram extraction functionality; co-occurrence extraction functionality; and previously used by user feature extraction functionality.

The term N-gram, which is a known term of the art, refers to a sequence of N consecutive words in an input text. The N-gram extraction functionality may employ conventional part-of-speech tagging and sentence parsing functionality in order to avoid generating certain N-grams which, based on grammatical considerations, are not expected to appear with high frequency in a corpus, preferably an internet corpus.

For the purposes of the present description, the term “skip-gram extraction functionality” means functionality operative to extract “skip-grams” which are modified n-grams which leave out certain non-essential words or phrases, such as adjectives, adverbs, adjectival phrases and adverbial phrases, or which contain only words having predetermined grammatical relationships, such as subject-verb, verb-object, adverb-verb or verb-time phrase. The skip-gram extraction functionality may employ conventional part-of-speech tagging and sentence parsing functionality to assist in deciding which words may be skipped in a given context.

For the purposes of the present description, the term “switch-gram extraction functionality” means functionality which identifies “switch grams”, which are modified n-grams in which the order of appearance of certain words is switched. The switch-gram extraction functionality may employ conventional part-of-speech tagging and sentence parsing functionality to assist in deciding which words may have their order of appearance switched in a given context.

For the purposes of the present description, the term “co-occurrence extraction functionality” means functionality which identifies word combinations in an input sentence or an input document containing many input sentences, having input text word co-occurrence for all words in the input text other than those included in the N-grams, switch-grams or skip-grams, together with indications of distance from an input word and direction, following filtering out of commonly occurring words, such as prepositions, articles, conjunctions and other words whose function is primarily grammatical.

For the purposes of the present description, the term “previously used by user feature extraction functionality” means functionality which identifies words used by a user in other documents, following filtering out of commonly occurring words, such as prepositions, articles, conjunctions and other words whose function is primarily grammatical.

For the purposes of the present description, N-grams, skip-grams, switch-grams and combinations thereof are termed feature-grams.

For the purposes of the present description, N-grams, skip-grams, switch-grams, co-occurrences, “previously used by user features” and combinations thereof are termed contextual-feature-sequences or CFSs.

The functionality of FIG. 5 preferably operates on individual words or clusters of words in an input text.

The operation of the functionality of FIG. 5 may be better understood from a consideration of the following example:

The following input text is provided:

-   -   Cherlock Homes the lead character and chief inspecter has been         cold in by the family doctor Dr Mortimer, to invesigate the         death of sir Charles”

For the cluster “Cherlock Homes” in the input text, the following CFSs are generated:

N-grams:

-   -   2-grams: Cherlock Homes; Homes the     -   3-grams: Cherlock Homes the; Homes the lead     -   4-grams: Cherlock Homes the lead; Homes the lead character     -   5-grams: Cherlock Homes the lead character

Skip-grams:

-   -   Cherlock Homes the character; Cherlock Homes the chief         inspecter; Cherlock Homes the inspecter; Cherlock Homes has been         cold

Switch gram:

-   -   The lead character Cherlock Homes

Co-occurrences in input text:

-   -   Character; inspector; investigate; death

Co-occurrences in document containing the input text:

-   -   Arthur Conan Doyle; story

Co-occurrence in other documents of user:

-   -   mystery

For the cluster “cold” in the input text, the following CFSs are generated:

N-grams:

-   -   2-grams: been cold; cold in     -   3-grams: has been cold; been cold in; cold in by     -   4-grams: inspector has been cold; has been cold in; been cold in         by; cold in by the     -   5-grams: chief inspector has been cold; inspector has been cold         in; has been cold in by; been cold in by the; cold in by the         family

Skip-grams:

-   -   cold in to investigate; Cherlock has been cold; cold by the         doctor; cold by Dr Mortimer; character has been cold

The CFSs are each given an “importance score” based on at least one of, preferably more than one of and most preferably all of the following:

a. operation of conventional part-of-speech tagging and sentence parsing functionality. A CFS which includes parts of multiple parsing tree nodes is given a relatively low score. The larger the number of parsing tree nodes included in a CFS, the lower is the score of that CFS.

b. length of the CFS. The longer the CFS, the higher the score.

c. frequency of occurrence of each of the words in the CFS other than the input word. The higher the frequency of occurrence of such words, the lower the score.

d. type of CFS. For example, an N-gram is preferred over a co-occurrence. A co-occurrence in an input sentence is preferred over a co-occurrence in an input document and a co-occurrence in an input document is preferred over “previously used by user features”.

Referring to the above example, typical scores are as seen in Table 7:

TABLE 7 CFS TYPE CFS SCORE N-gram: 2-gram Cherlock Homes 0.50 N-gram: 2-gram Homes the 0.30 N-gram: 3-gram Cherlock Homes the 0.70 N-gram: 3-gram Homes the lead 0.70 N-gram: 4-gram Cherlock Homes the lead 0.90 N-gram: 4-gram Homes the lead character 0.90 N-gram: 5-gram Cherlock Homes the lead character 1.00 Skip-gram Cherlock Homes the character 0.80 Skip-gram Cherlock Homes the chief 0.95 inspecter Skip-gram Cherlock Homes the inspecter 0.93 Skip-gram Cherlock Homes has been cold 0.93 Switch gram The lead character Cherlock 0.95 Homes Co-occurrence in input text Character 0.40 Co-occurrence in input text Inspector 0.40 Co-occurrence in input text Investigate 0.40 Co-occurrence in input text Death 0.40 Co-occurrence in document Arthur Conan Doyle 0.50 containing the input text: Co-occurrence in document Story 0.30 containing the input text: Co-occurrence in other Mystery 0.20 documents of user

These CFSs and their importance scores are used in the functionality described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 8 & 9 for context based scoring of various alternative cluster corrections, based on the CFS frequencies of occurrences in an internet corpus.

Reference is now made to FIG. 6A, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for identifying misspelled words in the input text; grouping misspelled words into clusters, which are preferably non-overlapping; and selecting a cluster for correction.

As seen in FIG. 6A, identifying misspelled words is preferably carried out by using a conventional dictionary enriched with proper names and words commonly used on the internet.

Grouping misspelled words into clusters is preferably carried out by grouping consecutive or nearly consecutive misspelled words into a single cluster along with misspelled words which have a grammatical relationship.

Selecting a cluster for correction is preferably carried out by attempting to find the cluster which contains the largest amount of non-suspected contextual data. Preferably, the cluster that has the longest sequence or sequences of correctly spelled words in its vicinity is selected.

Reference is now made to FIG. 6B, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for identifying suspected misused words and words having grammar mistakes in a spelling-corrected input text; grouping suspected misused words and words having grammar mistakes into clusters, which are preferably non-overlapping; and selecting a cluster for correction.

Identifying suspected misused words is preferably carried out as follows:

feature-grams are generated for each word in the spelling-corrected input text;

the frequency of occurrence of each of the feature-grams in a corpus, preferably an internet corpus, is noted;

the number of suspected feature-grams for each word is noted. Suspected feature-grams have a frequency which is significantly lower than their expected frequency or which lies below a minimum frequency threshold. The expected frequency of a feature-gram is estimated on the basis of the frequencies of its constituent elements and combinations thereof.

a word is suspected if the number of suspected feature-grams containing the word exceeds a predetermined threshold.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the frequency of occurrence of each feature-gram in the spelling-corrected input text in a corpus (FREQ F-G), preferably an internet corpus, is ascertained. The frequency of occurrence of each word in the spelling-corrected input text in that corpus (FREQ W) is also ascertained and the frequency of occurrence of each feature-gram without that word (FREQ FG-W) is additionally ascertained.

An expected frequency of occurrence of each feature-gram (EFREQ F-G) is calculated as follows:

EFREQ F-G=FREQ F-G-W*FREQ W/(TOTAL OF FREQUENCIES OF ALL WORDS IN THE CORPUS)

If the ratio of the frequency of occurrence of each feature-gram in the spelling-corrected input text in a corpus, preferably an internet corpus, to the expected frequency of occurrence of each feature-gram, FREQ F-G/EFREQ F-G, is less than a predetermined threshold, or if FREQ F-G is less than another predetermined threshold, the feature-gram is considered to be a suspected feature-gram. Every word that is included in a suspected feature-gram is considered to be a suspected misused word or a word having a suspected grammar mistake.

The operation of the functionality of FIG. 6B for identifying suspected misused words and words having grammar mistakes in a spelling-corrected input text may be better understood from a consideration of the following example:

The following spelling-corrected input text is provided:

I have money book

The feature-grams include the following:

-   -   I; I have; I have money; I have money book

Table 8 indicates the frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus of the above feature-grams:

TABLE 8 WORD/ FREQUENCY 1-GRAM 2-GRAMS 3-GRAMS 4-GRAMS I I I have I have money I have 2744650600 154980000 24600 money book 0 Have have have money have money 1500601100 390300 book 0 Money money money book 124877160 3100 Book book 164065000

The expected frequencies of occurrence are calculated for each of the 2-grams as follows:

EFREQ F-G=(FREQ F-G-W*FREQ W)/(TOTAL OF FREQUENCIES OF ALL WORDS IN THE CORPUS)

-   -   For example, for a 2-gram,     -   the expected 2-gram frequency for a 2-gram (x,y)=(1-gram         frequency of x*1-gram frequency of y)/Number of words in the         internet corpus. e.g., Trillion (1,000,000,000,000) words.

The ratio of the frequency of occurrence of each feature-gram in the spelling-corrected input text in a corpus, preferably an internet corpus, to the expected frequency of occurrence of each feature-gram is calculated as follows:

FREQ F-G/EFREQ F-G

The ratio of the frequency of occurrence of each of the above 2-grams in the spelling-corrected input text in a corpus, preferably an internet corpus, to the expected frequency of occurrence of each of the above 2-grams are seen in Table 9:

TABLE 9 2-GRAMS FREQ F-G EFREQ F-G FREQ F-G/EFREQ F-G I have 154980000 4118625.7 37.60 have money 390300 187390.8 2.08 money book 3100 20487.9 0.15

It is seen that FREQ F-G of “money book” is substantially lower than its expected frequency and thus FREQ F-G/EFREQ F-G may be considered to be lower than a predetermined threshold, such as 1, and therefore the cluster “money book” is suspected.

It is seen that the 3-gram and the 4-gram including the words “money book” both have a zero frequency in the internet corpus. This can also be a basis for considering “money book” to be suspect.

Grouping suspected misused words and words having grammar mistakes into clusters is preferably carried out as follows: consecutive or nearly consecutive suspected misused words are grouped into a single cluster; and suspected misused words which have a grammatical relationship between themselves are grouped into the same cluster.

Selecting a cluster for correction is preferably carried out by attempting to find the cluster which contains the largest amount of non-suspected contextual data. Preferably, the cluster that has the longest sequence or sequences of non-suspected words in its vicinity is selected.

Reference is now made to FIG. 6C, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for identifying vocabulary-challenged words having suspected suboptimal vocabulary usage in a spelling, misused word and grammar-corrected input text; grouping vocabulary-challenged words into clusters, which are preferably non-overlapping; and selecting a cluster for correction.

Identifying vocabulary-challenged words is preferably carried out as follows:

pre-processing a thesaurus in order to assign language richness scores to each word which indicate the level of the word in a hierarchy wherein written language is preferred over spoken language; and wherein among internet sources, articles and books are preferred over chat and forums, for example, and wherein less frequently used words are preferred over more frequently used words;

further pre-processing of the thesaurus to eliminate words which are not likely candidates for vocabulary enhancement based on the results of the preceding pre-processing step and on grammatical rules;

additional pre-processing to indicate for each remaining word, candidates for vocabulary enhancement which have a language richness score higher than that of the input word; and

checking whether each word in the spelling, misused word and grammar-corrected input text appears as a remaining word in the multiple pre-processed thesaurus and identifying each such word which appears as a remaining word as a candidate for vocabulary enhancement.

Grouping vocabulary-challenged words into clusters, which are preferably non-overlapping, is optional and is preferably carried out as follows:

consecutive vocabulary-challenged words are grouped into a single cluster; and

vocabulary-challenged words which have a grammatical relationship are grouped into the same cluster.

Selecting a cluster for correction is preferably carried out by attempting to find the cluster which contains the largest amount of non vocabulary-challenged words. Preferably, the cluster that has the longest sequence or sequences of non vocabulary-challenged words in its vicinity is selected.

Reference is now made to FIG. 7A, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for generating alternative corrections for a cluster, which is useful in the functionalities of FIGS. 2 and 3.

If the original input word is correctly spelled, it is considered as an alternative.

As seen in FIG. 7A, for each word in the cluster, a plurality of alternative corrections is initially generated in the following manner:

A plurality of words, taken from a dictionary, similar to each word in the cluster, both on the basis of their written appearance, expressed in character string similarity, and on the basis of sound or phonetic similarity, is retrieved. This functionality is known and available on the internet as freeware, such as GNU Aspell and Google® GSpell. The retrieved and prioritized words provide a first plurality of alternative corrections. E.g., given the input word feezix, the word “physics” will be retrieved from the dictionary, based on a similar sound, even though it has only one character, namely “i”, in common. The word “felix” will be retrieved, based on its string character similarity, even though it doesn't have a similar sound.

Additional alternatives may be generated by employing rules based on known alternative usages as well as accumulated user inputs. E.g., u→you, r→are, Im→I am.

Further alternatives may be generated based on grammatical rules, preferably employing pre-defined lists. A few examples follow:

singular/plural rules: If the input sentence is “leaf fall off trees in the autumn” the plural alternative “leaves” is generated.

article rules: If the input text is “a old lady”, the alternative articles “an” & “the” are generated.

preposition rules: If the input text is “I am interested of football”, the alternative prepositions “in”, “at”, “to”, “on”, “through”, . . . are generated.

verb inflection rules: If the input text is “He leave the room”, the alternative verb inflections “left”, “leaves”, “had left”, . . . are generated.

merged words and split words rules: If the input text is “get alot fitter”, the alternative “a lot” is generated.

If the input text is “we have to wat ch out”, the alternative “watch” is generated.

If the input text is “do many sittups”, the alternative “sit ups” is generated.

It is a particular feature of a preferred embodiment of the present invention that contextual information, such as CFSs and more particularly feature-grams, is employed to generate alternative corrections and not only for scoring such “contextually retrieved” alternative corrections. Frequently occurring word combinations, such as CFSs and more particularly feature-grams, may be retrieved from an existing corpus, such as an internet corpus.

The following example illustrates this aspect of the present invention:

If the input sentence is: “The cat has kts”, the word “kts” may not be sufficiently similar in sound or writing to the word “kittens” such that absent this aspect of the invention, “kittens” might not be one of the alternatives.

In accordance with this aspect of the present invention, by looking in an internet corpus for words which commonly appear after the n-gram “cat has”, i.e., all words found as * in the query “cat has *”, the following alternatives are retrieved:

-   -   nine lives; left; fleas; dandruff; kittens; tapeworms; adopted;         retractile claws; been; urinated; diarrhea; eaten; swallowed;         hairballs; gone; always been

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the “contextually retrieved” alternatives are then filtered, such that only contextually retrieved alternatives having some phonetic or writing similarity to the original word, in the present example “kts”, remain. In this example, the alternative having the highest phonetic and writing similarity, “kittens”, is retrieved.

Where the input text is generated automatically by an external system, such as an optical character recognition, speech-to-text or machine translation system, additional alternatives may be received directly from such system. Such additional alternatives typically are generated in the course of operation of such system. For example, in a machine translation system, the alternative translations of a word in a foreign language may be supplied to the present system for use as alternatives.

Once all of the alternatives for each of the words in the cluster have been generated, cluster alternatives for the entire cluster are generated by ascertaining all possible combinations of the various alternatives and subsequent filtering of the combinations based on the frequency of their occurrence in a corpus, preferably an internet corpus.

The following example is illustrative:

If the input cluster is “money book”, and the alternatives for the word “money” are:

-   -   Monday; many; monkey

and the alternatives for the word “book” are:

-   -   books; box; back

The following cluster alternatives are generated:

-   -   money books; money box; money back; Monday books; Monday box;         Monday back; many books; many box; many back; monkey books;         monkey box; monkey back; many book; monkey book; Monday book

Reference is now made to FIG. 7B, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for generating alternative enhancements for a cluster, which is useful in the functionality of FIG. 4.

As seen in FIG. 7B, a plurality of alternative enhancements is initially generated in the following manner:

If the original input word is correctly spelled, it is considered as an alternative.

A plurality of words, taken from a thesaurus or other lexical database, such as Princeton WordNet, freely available on the internet, which are lexically related to each word in the cluster, as synonyms, superset or subset, is retrieved. The retrieved and prioritized words provide a first plurality of alternative enhancements.

Additional alternatives may be generated by employing rules based on known alternative usages as well as accumulated user inputs.

It is a particular feature of a preferred embodiment of the present invention that contextual information, such as CFSs and more particularly feature-grams is employed to generate alternative enhancements and not only for scoring such “contextually retrieved” alternative enhancements. Frequently occurring word combinations, such as CFSs and more particularly feature-grams, may be retrieved from an existing corpus, such as an internet corpus.

Once all of the alternatives for each of the words in the cluster have been generated, alternatives for the entire cluster are generated by ascertaining all possible combinations of the various word alternatives and filtering of the combinations based on frequency of the occurrence of the resulting multi-word combinations in an existing corpus, such as the internet.

The following example is illustrative of the functionality of FIG. 7B:

The following input text is provided:

it was nice to meet you

The following alternatives for the word “nice” are generated by a lexical database, such as Princeton WordNet (partial list):

-   -   pleasant, good, kind, polite, fine, decent, gracious, courteous,         considerate, enjoyable, agreeable, satisfying, delightful,         entertaining, amiable, friendly, elegant, precise, careful,         meticulous.

The following alternative for the word “nice” is generated by the application of predetermined rules:

-   -   cool

The following contextually retrieved alternatives for the word “nice” are generated, such as in response to a query such as “it was * to meet”:

-   -   great; a pleasure; wonderful; lovely; good; impossible; fun;         awesome; refreshing; exciting; agreed; fantastic; decided ;         inspiring

Reference is now made to FIG. 8, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for context-based and word similarity-based scoring of various alternative enhancements useful in the spelling correction functionality of FIG. 2.

As seen in FIG. 8, the context-based and word similarity-based scoring of various alternative corrections proceeds in the following general stages:

I. NON-CONTEXTUAL SCORING—Various cluster alternatives are scored on the basis of similarity to a cluster in the input text in terms of their written appearance and sound similarity. This scoring does not take into account any contextual similarity outside of the given cluster.

II. CONTEXTUAL SCORING USING INTERNET CORPUS—Each of the various cluster alternatives is also scored on the basis of extracted contextual-feature-sequences (CFSs), which are provided as described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5. This scoring includes the following sub-stages:

IIA. Frequency of occurrence analysis is carried out, preferably using an internet corpus, on the various alternative cluster corrections produced by the functionality of FIG. 7A, in the context of the CFSs extracted as described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5.

IIB. CFS selection and weighting of the various CFSs is carried out based on, inter alia, the results of the frequency of occurrence analysis of sub-stage IIA. Weighting is also based on relative inherent importance of various CFSs. It is appreciated that some of the CFSs may be given a weighting of zero and are thus not selected. The selected CFSs preferably are given relative weightings.

IIC. A frequency of occurrence metric is assigned to each alternative correction for each of the selected CFSs in sub-stage IIB.

IID. A reduced set of alternative cluster corrections is generated, based, inter alia, on the results of the frequency of occurrence analysis of sub-stage IIA, the frequency of occurrence metric of sub-stage TIC and the CFS selection and weighting of sub-stage IIB.

IIE. The cluster having the highest non-contextual similarity score in stage I is selected from the reduced set in sub-stage IID for use as a reference cluster correction.

IIF. A frequency of occurrence metric is assigned to the reference cluster correction of sub-stage IIE for each of the selected CFSs in stage IIB.

IIG. A ratio metric is assigned to each of the selected CFSs in sub-stage IIB which represents the ratio of the frequency of occurrence metric for each alternative correction for that feature to the frequency of occurrence metric assigned to the reference cluster of sub-stage IIE.

III. A most preferred alternative cluster correction is selected based on the results of stage I and the results of stage II.

IV. A confidence level score is assigned to the most preferred alternative cluster correction.

A more detailed description of the functionality described hereinabove in stages II-IV is presented hereinbelow:

With reference to sub-stage IIA, all of the CFSs which include the cluster to be corrected are generated as described hereinabove in FIG. 5. CFSs containing suspected errors, other than errors in the input cluster, are eliminated.

A matrix is generated indicating the frequency of occurrence in a corpus, preferably an internet corpus, of each of the alternative corrections for the cluster in each of the CFSs. All CFSs for which all alternative corrections have a zero frequency of occurrence are eliminated. Thereafter, all CFSs which are entirely included in other CFSs having at least a minimum threshold frequency of occurrence are eliminated.

The following example illustrates generation of a frequency of occurrence matrix:

The following input text is provided:

I lik tw play outside a lot

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6A, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   lik tw

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   like to; like two; lick two; lack two; lack true; like true

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘lik tw’; ‘I lik tw’; ‘lik tw play'; ‘I lik tw play’; ‘lik tw         play outside'; ‘I lik tw play outside’; lik tw play outside a′

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to Stage IIA, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 10 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 10 CFS/ lik tw ALTERNATIVE I lik lik tw I lik tw play CLUSTER lik tw tw play play outside CORRECTION lik tw I lik tw play play outside outside a like to 75094300 3097250 432200 80500 1000 330 0 like two 327500 2400 0 0 0 0 0 lick two 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 lack two 1800 100 0 0 0 0 0 lack true 3400 90 0 0 0 0 0 like true 27500 350 0 0 0 0 0

All CFSs for which all alternative corrections have a zero frequency of occurrence are eliminated. In this example the following feature-gram is eliminated:

-   -   ‘lik tw play outside a’

Thereafter, all CFSs which are entirely included in other CFSs having at least a minimum threshold frequency of occurrence are eliminated. In this example the following feature-grams are eliminated:

-   -   ‘lik tw’; ‘I lik tw’; lik tw play'; ‘I lik tw play’; ‘lik tw         play outside’

In this example the only remaining CFS is the feature-gram:

-   -   ‘I lik tw play outside’.

The resulting matrix appears as seen in Table 11:

TABLE 11 CFS/ALTERNATIVE ‘I lik tw play CLUSTER CORRECTIONS outside’ like to 330 like two 0 lick two 0 lack two 0 lack true 0 like true 0

The foregoing example illustrates the generation of a matrix in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this example, it is clear that “like to” is the preferred alternative correction. It is to be appreciated that in reality, the choices are not usually so straightforward. Accordingly, in further examples presented below, functionality is provided for making much more difficult choices among alternative corrections.

Returning to a consideration of sub-stage IIB, optionally, each of the remaining CFSs is given a score as described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5. Additionally, CFSs which contain words introduced in an earlier correction iteration of the multi-word input and have a confidence level below a predetermined confidence level threshold are negatively biased.

In the general case, similarly to that described hereinabove in sub-stage IIC, preferably, a normalized frequency matrix is generated indicating the normalized frequency of occurrence of each CFS in the internet corpus. The normalized frequency matrix is normally generated from the frequency matrix by dividing each CFS frequency by a function of the frequencies of occurrence of the relevant cluster alternatives.

The normalization is operative to neutralize the effect of substantial differences in overall popularity of various alternative corrections. A suitable normalization factor is based on the overall frequencies of occurrence of various alternative corrections in a corpus as a whole, without regard to particular CFSs.

The following example illustrates the generation of a normalized frequency of occurrence matrix:

The following input text is provided:

footprints of a mysterious haund said to be six feet tall

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6A, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   haund

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   hound; hand; sound

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘a mysterious haund’; ‘haund said’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to Stage IIC herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence and normalized frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 12 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 12 NORMALIZED CFS/ FREQUENCY FREQUENCY ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ‘a CLUSTER CLUSTER ‘a mysterious ‘haund mysterious CORRECTION CORRECTION haund’ said’ haund’ ‘haund said’ Hound 542300 50 180 0.0000921 0.00033 Hand 95073600 700 5900 0.0000073 0.00006 Sound 59026500 590 600 0.0000099 0.00001

It may be appreciated from the foregoing example that words having the highest frequencies of occurrence may not necessarily have the highest normalized frequencies of occurrence, due to substantial differences in overall popularity of various alternative corrections. In the foregoing example, “hound” has the highest normalized frequencies of occurrence and it is clear from the context of the input text that “hound” is the correct word, rather than “hand” which has higher frequencies of occurrence in the internet corpus.

It is a particular feature of the present invention that normalized frequencies of occurrence, which neutralize substantial differences in overall popularity of various alternative corrections, are preferably used in selecting among the alternative corrections. It is appreciated that other metrics of frequency of occurrence, other than normalized frequencies of occurrence, may alternatively or additionally be employed as metrics. Where the frequencies of occurrence are relatively low or particularly high, additional or alternative metrics are beneficial.

It will be appreciated from the discussion that follows that additional functionalities are often useful in selecting among various alternative corrections. These functionalities are described hereinbelow.

In sub-stage IID, each alternative cluster correction which is less preferred than another alternative cluster correction according to both of the following metrics is eliminated:

-   -   i. having a word similarity score lower than the other         alternative cluster correction; and     -   ii. having lower frequencies of occurrences and preferably also         lower normalized frequencies of occurrence for all of the CFSs         than the other alternative cluster correction.

The following example illustrates the elimination of alternative corrections as described hereinabove:

The following input text is provided:

I leav un a big house

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6A, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   leav un

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   leave in; live in; love in

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘I leav un a’; ‘leav un a big’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to Stage IIC herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence and normalized frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 13 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 13 NORMALIZED CFS/ FREQUENCY FREQUENCY ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER ‘leav ‘leav CLUSTER ALTERNTIVE ‘I leav un a ‘I leav a un CORRECTIONS CORRECTION un a’ big’ un a’ big’ leave in 442650 1700 100 0.0038 0.00022 live in 15277750 266950 17800 0.0174 0.00116 love in 1023100 1880 290 0.0018 0.00028

In this example, the non-contextual similarity scores of the alternative cluster corrections are as indicated in Table 14:

TABLE 14 ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER SIMILARITY CORRECTION SCORE leave in 0.9 live in 0.8 love in 0.7

The alternative cluster correction “love in” is eliminated as it has a lower similarity score as well as lower frequencies of occurrence and lower normalized frequencies of occurrence than “live in”. The alternative cluster correction “leave in” is not eliminated at this stage since its similarity score is higher than that of “live in”.

As can be appreciated from the foregoing, the result of operation of the functionality of stage IID is a reduced frequency matrix and preferably also a reduced normalized frequency matrix, indicating the frequency of occurrence and preferably also the normalized frequency of occurrence of each of a reduced plurality of alternative corrections, each of which has a similarity score, for each of a reduced plurality of CFSs. The reduced set of alternative cluster corrections is preferably employed for all further alternative cluster selection functionalities as is seen from the examples which follow.

For each alternative correction in the reduced frequency matrix and preferably also in the reduced normalized frequency matrix, a final preference metric is generated. One or more of the following alternative metrics may be employed to generate a final preference score for each alternative correction:

The term “frequency function” is used below to refer to the frequency, the normalized frequency or a function of both the frequency and the normalized frequency.

A. One possible preference metric is the highest occurrence frequency function for each alternative cluster correction in the reduced matrix or matrices for any of the CFSs in the reduced matrix or matrices. For example, the various alternative cluster corrections would be scored as follows:

The following input text is provided:

A big agle in the sky

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6A, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   agle

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   ogle; eagle; angel

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘big agle’; ‘agle in the sky’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to Stage IIC herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence and normalized frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 15 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 15 NORMALIZED CFS/ FREQUENCY FREQUENCY ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ‘agle in ‘agle in CLUSTER CLUSTER ‘big the ‘big the CORRECTIONS CORRECTION agle’ sky’ agle’ sky’ Ogle 95250 0 0 0 0 Eagle 3058320 1550 1200 0.00050 0.00039 Angel 5961100 780 1060 0.00013 0.00017

In this example, the non-contextual similarity scores of the alternative cluster corrections are as indicated in Table 16:

TABLE 16 ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER SIMILARITY CORRECTION SCORE ogle 0.97 eagle 0.91 angel 0.83

The alternative ‘eagle’ is selected because it has a CFS with a maximum frequency of occurrence.

B. Another possible preference metric is the average occurrence frequency function of all CFSs for each alternative correction. For example, the various alternative corrections would be scored as follows:

The following input text is provided:

A while ago sthe lived 3 dwarfs

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6A, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   sthe

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   the; they; she; there

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘ago sthe lived’; ‘sthe lived 3 ’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to Stage IIC herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence, normalized frequencies of occurrence and average frequency of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Tables 17 and 18 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 17 CFS/ FREQUENCY ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ‘ago CLUSTER CLUSTER sthe ‘sthe CORRECTIONS CORRECTION lived’ lived 3’ The 19401194700 0 0 They 702221530 300 45 She 234969160 215 65 there 478280320 3200 40

TABLE 18 CFS/ NORMALIZED AVERAGE ALTERNATIVE FREQUENCY AVERAGE CLUSTER ‘ago sthe ‘sthe lived FREQUENCY OF CORRECTIONS lived’ 3’ OCCRRENCE The 0 0 0 they 0.0000004 0.00000006 172 She 0.0000009 0.00000027 140 there 0.0000066 0.00000008 1620

It is noted that “there” is selected based on the average frequency of occurrence.

In this example, the non-contextual similarity scores of the alternative cluster corrections are as indicated in Table 19:

TABLE 19 ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER SIMILARITY CORRECTION SCORE the 0.97 they 0.86 she 0.88 there 0.67

It is noted that the alternative cluster correction having the highest similarity score is not selected.

C. A further possible preference metric is the weighted sum, over all CFSs for each alternative correction, of the occurrence frequency function for each CFS multiplied by the score of that CFS as computed by the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5.

D. A Specific Alternative Correction/CFS preference metric is generated, as described hereinabove with reference to sub-stages IIE-IIG, by any one or more, and more preferably most and most preferably all of the following operations on the alternative corrections in the reduced matrix or matrices:

-   -   i. The alternative cluster correction having the highest         non-contextual similarity score is selected to be the reference         cluster.     -   ii. A modified matrix is produced wherein in each preference         matrix, the occurrence frequency function of each alternative         correction in each feature gram is replaced by the ratio of the         occurrence frequency function of each alternative correction to         the occurrence frequency function of the reference cluster.     -   iii. A modified matrix of the type described hereinabove in ii.         is further modified to replace the ratio in each preference         metric by a function of the ratio which function reduces the         computational importance of very large differences in ratios. A         suitable such function is a logarithmic function. The purpose of         this operation is to de-emphasize the importance of large         differences in frequencies of occurrence in the final preference         scoring of the most preferred alternative corrections, while         maintaining the importance of large differences in frequencies         of occurrence in the final preference scoring, and thus         elimination, of the least preferred alternative corrections.     -   iv. A modified matrix of the type described hereinabove in ii or         iii is additionally modified by multiplying the applicable ratio         or function of ratio in each preference metric by the         appropriate CFS score. This provides emphasis based on correct         grammatical usage and other factors which are reflected in the         CFS score.     -   v. A modified matrix of the type described hereinabove in ii,         iii or iv is additionally modified by generating a function of         the applicable ratio, function of ratio, frequency of occurrence         and normalized frequency of occurrence. A preferred function is         generated by multiplying the applicable ratio or function of         ratio in each preference metric by the frequency of occurrence         of that CFS.

E. A final preference metric is computed for each alternative correction based on the Specific Alternative Correction/CFS preference metric as described hereinabove in D by multiplying the similarity score of the alternative correction by the sum of the Specific Alternative Correction/CFS preference metrics for all CFS for that Alternative Correction.

-   -   An example illustrating the use of such a modified matrix is as         follows:     -   The following input text is provided:

I will be able to tach base with you next week

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6A, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   tach

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   teach; touch

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘able to tach’; ‘to tach base’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stages IIA & IIC hereinabove, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence and normalized frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 20 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 20 CFS/ ALTER- NATIVE FREQUENCY NORMALIZED CLUSTER ALTERNTIVE FREQUENCY CORREC- CLUSTER ‘able to ‘to tach ‘able to ‘to tach TIONS CORRECTIONS tach’ base’ tach’ base’ Teach 15124750 103600 40 0.0068 0.000002 touch 23506900 45050 27150 0.0019 0.001154

It is noted that for one feature, both the frequency of occurrence and the normalized frequency of occurrence of “teach” are greater than those of “touch”, but for another feature, both the frequency of occurrence and the normalized frequency of occurrence of “touch” are greater than those of “teach”. In order to make a correct choice of an alternative correction, ratio metrics, described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIG, are preferably employed as described hereinbelow.

In this example, the non-contextual similarity scores of the alternative cluster corrections are as indicated in Table 21:

TABLE 21 ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER SIMILARITY CORRECTION SCORE teach 0.94 touch 0.89

It is seen that the reference cluster is “teach”, since it has the highest similarity score. Nevertheless “touch” is selected based on the final preference score described hereinabove. This is not intuitive, as may be appreciated from a consideration of the above matrices which indicate that “teach” has the highest frequency of occurrence and the highest normalized frequency of occurrence. In this example, the final preference score indicates a selection of “touch” over “teach” since the ratio of frequencies of occurrence for a feature in which “touch” is favored is much greater than the ratio of frequencies of occurrence for the other feature in which “teach” is favored.

F. Optionally, an alternative correction may be filtered out on the basis of a comparison of frequency function values and preference metrics for that alternative correction and for the reference cluster using one or more of the following decision rules:

-   -   1. filtering out an alternative correction having a similarity         score below a predetermined threshold and having a CFS frequency         function that is less than the CFS frequency function of the         reference cluster for at least one feature which has a CFS score         which is higher than a predetermined threshold.     -   2. filtering out alternative corrections having a similarity         score below a predetermined threshold and having a preference         metric which is less than a predetermined threshold for at least         one feature which has a CFS score which is higher than another         predetermined threshold.     -   3. a. ascertaining the CFS score of each CFS;         -   b. for each CFS, ascertaining the CFS frequency functions             for the reference cluster and for an alternative correction,             thereby to ascertain whether the reference cluster or the             alternative correction has a higher frequency function for             that CFS;         -   c. summing the CFS scores of CFSs for which the alternative             correction has a higher frequency than the reference             cluster;         -   d. summing the CFS scores of CFSs for which the reference             cluster has a higher frequency than the alternative             correction; and         -   e. if the sum in c. is less than the sum in d. filtering out             that alternative correction.

The following example illustrates the filtering functionality described above.

The following input text is provided:

I am faelling en love

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6A, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   faelling en

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   falling on; falling in; feeling on; feeling in

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘am faelling en’; ‘faelling en love’; ‘am faelling en love’; ‘I         am faelling en’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIA herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 22 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 22 CFS/ ALTERNATIVE ‘am CLUSTER faelling ‘faelling en ‘am faelling ‘I am CORRECTIONS en’ love’ en love’ faelling en’ falling on 200 40 0 185 falling in 4055 341800 3625 3345 feeling on 435 70 0 370 feeling in 1035 1055 0 895

All CFSs which are entirely included in other CFSs having at least a minimum threshold frequency of occurrence are eliminated. For example the following feature-grams are eliminated:

-   -   ‘am faelling en’; Inning en love'

In this example the remaining CFSs are the feature-grams:

-   -   ‘am faelling en love’; ‘I am faelling en’

In this example, the non-contextual similarity scores of the alternative cluster corrections are as indicated in Table 23:

TABLE 23 ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER SIMILARITY CORRECTION SCORE falling on 0.89 falling in 0.89 feeling on 0.82 feeling in 0.82

The alternative corrections “falling on”, “feeling on” and “feeling in” are filtered out because they have zero frequency of occurrence for one of the CFSs.

G. As discussed hereinabove with reference to Stage III, a ranking is established based on the final preference metric developed as described hereinabove at A-E on the alternative corrections which survive the filtering in F. The alternative correction having the highest final preference score is selected.

H. As discussed hereinabove with reference to Stage 1V, a confidence level is assigned to the selected alternative correction. This confidence level is calculated based on one or more of the following parameters:

-   -   a. number, type and scoring of selected CFSs as provided in         sub-stage IIB above;     -   b. statistical significance of frequency of occurrence of the         various alternative cluster corrections, in the context of the         CFSs;     -   c. degree of consensus on the selection of an alternative         correction, based on preference metrics of each of the CFSs and         the word similarity scores of the various alternative         corrections;     -   d. non-contextual similarity score (stage I) of the selected         alternative cluster correction being above a predetermined         minimum threshold.     -   e. extent of contextual data available, as indicated by the         number of CFSs in the reduced matrix having CFS scores above a         predetermined minimum threshold and having preference scores         over another predetermined threshold.

If the confidence level is above a predetermined threshold, the selected alternative correction is implemented without user interaction. If the confidence level is below the predetermined threshold but above a lower predetermined threshold, the selected alternative correction is implemented but user interaction is invited. If the confidence level is below the lower predetermined threshold, user selection based on a prioritized list of alternative corrections is invited.

The following examples are illustrative of the use of confidence level scoring:

The following input text is provided:

He was not feeling wehl when he returned

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6A, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   wehl

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   wale; well

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘was not feeling wehl’; ‘not feeling wehl when’; ‘feeling wehl         when he’; ‘well when he returned’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIA herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 24 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 24 CFS/ ALTERNATIVE ‘was not CLUSTER feeling ‘not feeling ‘feeling wehl ‘wehl when CORRECTIONS wehl’ wehl when’ when he’ he returned’ Wale 0 0 0 0 Well 31500 520 100 140

The foregoing example illustrates that, according to all the criteria set forth in H above, the selection of ‘well’ over ‘wale’ has a high confidence level.

In the following example, the confidence level is somewhat less, due to the fact that the alternative correction ‘back’ has a higher frequency of occurrence than ‘beach’ in the CFS ‘bech in the summer’ but ‘beach’ has a higher frequency of occurrence than ‘back’ in the CFSs ‘on the beech in’ and ‘the bech in the’. The alternative correction ‘beach’ is selected with an intermediate confidence level based on criterion H(c).

The following input text is provided:

I like to work on the bech in the summer

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6A, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   bech

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   beach; beech; back

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘on the bech in’; ‘the bech in the’; ‘bech in the summer’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIA, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 25 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 25 CFS/ ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER ‘on the ‘the bech in ‘bech in the CORRECTIONS bech in’ the’ summer’ Beach 110560 42970 2670 Beech 50 55 0 Back 15300 10390 20090

The alternative correction ‘beach’ is selected with an intermediate confidence level based on criterion H(c).

In the following example, the confidence level is even less, based on criterion H(a):

The following input text is received:

Exarts are restoring the British Museum's round reading room

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6A, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   Exarts

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   Experts; Exerts; Exits

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘Exarts are’; ‘Exarts are restoring’; ‘Exarts are restoring the;         ‘Exarts are restoring the British’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to Stage IIA, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 26 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 26 CFS/ ALTERNATIVE ‘Exarts are CLUSTER ‘Exarts are ‘Exarts are restoring CORRECTIONS ‘Exarts are’ restoring’ restoring the’ the British’ Experts 62540 0 0 0 Exerts 140 0 0 0 Exists 8225 0 0 0

All CFSs for which all alternative corrections have a zero frequency of occurrence are eliminated. In this example the following feature-grams are eliminated:

-   -   ‘Exarts are restoring’; ‘Exarts are restoring the’; ‘Exarts are         restoring the British’

In this example the only remaining CFS is the feature-gram:

-   -   ‘Exarts are’

As seen from the foregoing example, the only CFS that survives the filtering process is “exarts are”. As a result, the confidence level is relatively low, since the selection is based on only a single CFS, which is relatively short and includes, aside from the suspected word, only one word, which is a frequently occurring word.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for context-based and word similarity-based scoring of various alternative corrections useful in the misused word and grammar correction functionality of FIGS. 3, 10 and 11, and also in the vocabulary enhancement functionality of FIG. 4.

As seen in FIG. 9, the context-based and word similarity-based scoring of various alternative corrections proceeds in the following general stages:

I. NON-CONTEXTUAL SCORING—Various cluster alternatives are scored on the basis of similarity to a cluster in the input text in terms of their written appearance and sound similarity. This scoring does not take into account any contextual similarity outside of the given cluster.

II. CONTEXTUAL SCORING USING INTERNET CORPUS—Each of the various cluster alternatives is also scored on the basis of extracted contextual-feature-sequences (CFSs), which are provided as described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5. This scoring includes the following sub-stages:

IIA. Frequency of occurrence analysis is carried out, preferably using an internet corpus, on the various alternative cluster corrections produced by the functionality of FIG. 7A or 7B, in the context of the CFSs extracted as described hereinabove in FIG. 5.

IIB. CFS selection and weighting of the various CFSs based on, inter alia, the results of the frequency of occurrence analysis of sub-stage IIA. Weighting is also based on relative inherent importance of various CFSs. It is appreciated that some of the CFSs may be given a weighting of zero and are thus not selected. The selected CFSs preferably are given relative weightings.

IIC. A frequency of occurrence metric is assigned to each alternative correction for each of the selected CFSs in sub-stage IIB.

IID. A reduced set of alternative cluster corrections is generated, based, inter alia, on the results of the frequency of occurrence analysis of sub-stage IIA, the frequency of occurrence metric of sub-stage IIC and the CFS selection and weighting of sub-stage IIB.

IIE. The input cluster is selected for use as a reference cluster correction.

IIF. A frequency of occurrence metric is assigned to the reference cluster correction of sub-stage IIE for each of the selected CFSs in stage IIB.

IIG. A ratio metric is assigned to each of the selected features in sub-stage IIB which represents the ratio of the frequency of occurrence metric for each alternative correction for that feature to the frequency of occurrence metric assigned to the reference cluster of sub-stage IIB.

III A most preferred alternative cluster correction is selected based on the results of stage I and the results of stage II.

IV. A confidence level score is assigned to the most preferred alternative cluster correction.

A more detailed description of the functionality described hereinabove in stages II-IV is presented hereinbelow:

With reference to sub-stage IIA, all of the CFSs which include the cluster to be corrected are generated as described hereinabove in FIG. 5. CFSs containing suspected errors, other than errors in the input cluster, are eliminated.

A matrix is generated indicating the frequency of occurrence in a corpus, preferably an internet corpus, of each of the alternative corrections for the cluster in each of the CFSs. All CFSs for which all alternative corrections have a zero frequency of occurrence are eliminated. Thereafter, all CFSs which are entirely included in other CFSs having at least a minimum threshold frequency of occurrence are eliminated.

The following example illustrates generation of a frequency of occurrence matrix:

The following input text is provided:

I lick two play outside a lot

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6B, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   lick two

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   like to; like two; lick two; lack two; lack true; like true

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘lick two’; ‘I lick two’; ‘lick two play’; ‘I lick two play’;         ‘lick two play outside’; ‘I lick two play outside’; ‘lick two         play outside a’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIA, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 27 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 27 lick CFS/ lick I lick two ALTERNATIVE lick I lick two two play CLUSTER I lick two two play play outside CORRECTIONS lick two two play play outside outside a like to 75094300 3097250 432200 80500 1000 330 0 like two 327500 2400 0 0 0 0 0 lick two 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 lack two 1800 100 0 0 0 0 0 lack true 3400 90 0 0 0 0 0 like true 27500 350 0 0 0 0 0

All CFSs for which all alternative corrections have a zero frequency of occurrence are eliminated. In this example the following feature-gram is eliminated:

-   -   ‘lick two play outside a’

Thereafter, all CFSs which are entirely included in other CFSs having at least a minimum threshold frequency of occurrence are eliminated; For example the following feature-grams are eliminated:

-   -   ‘lick two’; ‘I lick two’; ‘lick two play’; ‘I lick two play’;         ‘lick two play outside’

In this example the only remaining CFS is the following feature-gram:

-   -   ‘I lick two play outside’.

The resulting matrix appears as seen in Table 28:

TABLE 28 CFS/ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER ‘I lick two CORRECTIONS play outside’ like to 330 like two 0 lick two 0 lack two 0 lack true 0 like true 0

The foregoing example illustrates the generation of a matrix in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this example, it is clear that “like to” is the preferred alternative correction. It is to be appreciated that in reality, the choices are not usually so straightforward. According, in further examples presented below, functionality is provided for making much more difficult choices among alternative corrections.

Returning to a consideration of sub-stage IIB, optionally each of the remaining CFSs is given a score as described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5. Additionally CFSs which contain words introduced in an earlier correction iteration of the multi-word input and have a confidence level below a predetermined confidence level threshold are negatively biased.

In the general case, similarly to that described hereinabove in sub-stage IIC, preferably, a normalized frequency matrix is generated indicating the normalized frequency of occurrence of each CFS in the internet corpus. The normalized frequency matrix is normally generated from the frequency matrix by dividing each CFS frequency by a function of the frequencies of occurrence of the relevant cluster alternatives.

The normalization is operative to neutralize the effect of substantial differences in overall popularity of various alternative corrections. A suitable normalization factor is based on the overall frequencies of occurrence of various alternative corrections in a corpus as a whole, without regard to CFSs.

The following example illustrates the generation of a normalized frequency of occurrence matrix:

The following input text is provided typically by speech recognition: footprints of a mysterious [hound/hand] said to be six feet tall

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6B, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   hound

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   hound; hand; sound

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘a mysterious hound’; ‘hound said’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIC herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence and normalized frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 29 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 29 CFS/ FREQUENCY NORMALIZED ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE FREQUENCY CLUSTER CLUSTER ‘a mysterious ‘hound ‘a mysterious ‘hound CORRECTIONS CORRECTION hound’ said’ hound’ said’ Hound 542300 50 180 0.000092 0.000331 Hand 95073600 700 5900 0.000007 0.000062 Sound 59026500 590 600 0.000009 0.000010

It may be appreciated from the foregoing example that words having the highest frequencies of occurrence may not necessarily have the highest normalized frequencies of occurrence, due to substantial differences in overall popularity of various alternative corrections. In the foregoing example, “hound” has the highest normalized frequencies of occurrence and it is clear from the context of the input text that “hound” is the correct word, rather than “hand” which has higher frequencies of occurrence in the internet corpus.

It is a particular feature of the present invention that normalized frequencies, which neutralize substantial differences in overall popularity of various alternative corrections, are used in selecting among the alternative corrections. It is appreciated that other metrics of frequency of occurrence, other than normalized frequencies of occurrence, may alternatively or additionally be employed as metrics. Where the frequencies of occurrence are relatively low or particularly high, additional or alternative metrics are beneficial.

It will be appreciated from the discussion that follows that additional functionalities are often useful in selecting among various alternative corrections. These functionalities are described hereinbelow.

In sub-stage IID, each alternative cluster correction which is less preferred than another alternative correction according to both of the following metrics is eliminated:

-   -   i. having a word similarity score lower than the other         alternative cluster correction; and     -   ii. having lower frequencies of occurrences and preferably also         lower normalized frequencies of occurrence for all of the CFSs         than the other alternative cluster correction.

The following example illustrates the elimination of alternative corrections as described hereinabove:

The following input text is provided:

I leave on a big house

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6B, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   leave on

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   leave in; live in; love in; leave on

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘I leave on a’; ‘leave on a big’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to Stage IIE herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence and normalized frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 30 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 30 CFS/ NORMALIZED ALTERNATIVE FREQUENCY FREQUENCY CLUSTER ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER ‘I leave ‘leave ‘I leave ‘leave on CORRECTIONS CORRECTION on a’ on a big’ on a’ a big’ leave in 442650 1700 100 0.00384 0.00022 live in 98935570 267000 17800 0.00269 0.00018 love in 1023100 1880 320 0.00183 0.00031 leave on 267340 1040 0 0.00389 0

In this example, the non-contextual similarity scores of the alternative cluster corrections are as indicated in Table 31:

TABLE 31 ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER SIMILARITY CORRECTION SCORE leave in 0.90 live in 0.78 love in 0.67 leave on 1.00

The alternative cluster correction “love in” is eliminated as it has a lower similarity score as well as lower frequencies of occurrence and lower normalized frequencies of occurrence than “live in”. The alternative cluster correction “leave in” is not eliminated at this stage since its similarity score is higher than that of “live in”.

As can be appreciated from the foregoing, the result of operation of the functionality of sub-stage IID is a reduced frequency matrix and preferably also a reduced normalized frequency matrix, indicating the frequency of occurrence and preferably also the normalized frequency of occurrence of each of a reduced plurality of alternative corrections, each of which has a similarity score, for each of a reduced plurality of CFSs. The reduced set of alternative cluster corrections is preferably employed for all further alternative cluster selection functionalities as is seen from the examples which follow hereinbelow.

For each alternative correction in the reduced frequency matrix and preferably also in the reduced normalized frequency matrix, a final preference metric is generated. One or more of the following alternative metrics may be employed to generate a final preference score for each alternative correction:

The term “frequency function” is used below to refer to the frequency, the normalized frequency or a function of both the frequency and the normalized frequency.

A. One possible preference metric is the highest occurrence frequency function for each alternative cluster correction in the reduced matrix or matrices for any of the CFSs in the reduced matrix or matrices. For example, the various alternative cluster corrections would be scored as follows:

The following input text is provided:

I am vary satisfied with your work

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6B, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   vary

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   vary; very

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘am vary’; ‘vary satisfied’; ‘I am vary satisfied with’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIC herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence and normalized frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Tables 32 and 33 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 32 CFS/ FREQUENCY ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ‘I am vary CLUSTER CLUSTER ‘vary satisfied CORRECTIONS CORRECTION ‘am vary’ satisfied’ with’ Vary 20247200 800 70 0 Very 292898000 3123500 422700 30750

TABLE 33 CFS/ALTERNATIVE NORMALIZED FREQUENCY CLUSTER ‘I am vary CORRECTIONS ‘am vary’ ‘vary satisfied’ satisfied with’ Vary 0.000039 0.000003 0 Very 0.010664 0.001443 0.000105

It is seen that in this example both from frequency of occurrence and normalized frequency of occurrence, “very” has the highest occurrence frequency function.

B. Another possible preference metric is the average occurrence frequency function of all CFSs for each alternative correction. For example, the various alternative corrections would be scored as follows:

The following input text is provided:

A while ago the lived 3 dwarfs

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6B, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   the

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   the; they; she; there

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘ago the lived’; ‘the lived 3’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIC herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence, normalized frequencies of occurrence and average frequency of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Tables 34 and 35 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 34 CFS/ FREQUENCY ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ‘ago CLUSTER CLUSTER the CORRECTIONS CORRECTIONS lived’ ‘the lived 3’ The 19401194700 0 0 They 702221530 300 45 She 234969160 215 65 there 478280320 3200 40

TABLE 35 CFS/ NORMALIZED AVERAGE ALTERNATIVE FREQUENCY Average CLUSTER ‘ago the frequency of CORRECTIONS lived’ ‘the lived 3’ occurrence The 0 0 0 They 0.0000004 0.00000006 172 She 0.0000009 0.00000027 140 there 0.0000066 0.00000008 1620

It is noted that “they” is selected based on the average frequency of occurrence, notwithstanding that “there” has a CFS whose frequency of occurrence is the maximum frequency of occurrence in the matrix.

In this example, the non-contextual similarity scores of the alternative cluster corrections are as indicated in Table 36:

TABLE 36 ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER SIMILARITY CORRECTION SCORE the 1.00 they 0.86 she 0.76 there 0.67

It is noted that the alternative cluster correction having the highest similarity score is not selected.

C. A further possible preference metric is the weighted sum over all CFSs for each alternative correction of the occurrence frequency function for each CFS multiplied by the score of that CFS as computed by the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5.

D. A Specific Alternative Correction/CFS preference metric is generated, as described hereinabove with reference to sub-stages IIE-IIG, by any one or more, and more preferably most and most preferably all of the following operations on the alternative corrections in the reduced matrix or matrices:

-   -   i. The cluster from the original input text that is selected for         correction is selected to be the reference cluster.     -   ii. A modified matrix is produced wherein in each preference         matrix, the occurrence frequency function of each alternative         correction in each feature gram is replaced by the ratio of the         occurrence frequency function of each alternative correction to         the occurrence frequency function of the reference cluster.     -   iii. A modified matrix of the type described hereinabove in ii.         is further modified to replace the ratio in each preference         metric by a function of the ratio which function reduces the         computational importance of very large differences in ratios. A         suitable such function is a logarithmic function. The purpose of         this operation is to de-emphasize the importance of large         differences in frequencies of occurrence in the final preference         scoring of the most preferred alternative corrections, while         maintaining the importance of large differences in frequencies         of occurrence in the final preference scoring, and thus         elimination, of the least preferred alternative corrections.     -   iv. A modified matrix of the type described hereinabove in ii or         iii is additionally modified by multiplying the applicable ratio         or function of ratio in each preference metric by the         appropriate CFS score. This provides emphasis based on correct         grammatical usage and other factors which are reflected in the         CFS score.     -   v. A modified matrix of the type described hereinabove in ii,         iii or iv is additionally modified by multiplying the applicable         ratio or function of ratio in each preference metric by a         function of a user uncertainty metric. Some examples of a user         input uncertainty metric include the number of edit actions         related to an input word or cluster performed in a word         processor, vis-à-vis edit actions on other words of the         document; the timing of writing of an input word or cluster         performed in a word processor, vis-à-vis time of writing of         other words of the document and the timing of speaking of an         input word or cluster performed in a speech recognition input         functionality, vis-à-vis time of speaking of other words by this         user. The user input uncertainty metric provides an indication         of how certain the user was of this choice of words. This step         takes the computed bias to a reference cluster and modifies it         by a function of the user's certainty or uncertainty regarding         this cluster.     -   vi. A modified matrix of the type described hereinabove in ii,         iii, iv or v is additionally modified by generating a function         of the applicable ratio, function of ratio, frequency of         occurrence and normalized frequency of occurrence. A preferred         function is generated by multiplying the applicable ratio or         function of ratio in each preference metric by the frequency of         occurrence of that CFS.

E. A final preference metric is computed for each alternative correction based on the Specific Alternative Correction/CFS preference metric as described hereinabove in D by multiplying the similarity score of the alternative correction by the sum of the Specific Alternative Correction/CFS preference metrics for all CFS for that Alternative Correction.

An example of such modified matrix is as follows:

The following input text is provided:

I will be able to teach base with you next week

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6B, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   teach

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   teach; touch

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘able to teach’; ‘to teach base’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stages IIA & IIC hereinabove, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence and normalized frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 37 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 37 CFS/ NORMALIZED ALTERNATIVE FREQUENCY FREQUENCY CLUSTER ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER ‘able to ‘to teach ‘able to ‘to teach CORRECTIONS CORRECTION teach’ base’ teach’ base’ Teach 15124750 103600 40 0.00684 0.000002 touch 23506900 45050 27150 0.00191 0.001154

It is noted that for one feature, both the frequency of occurrence and the normalized frequency of occurrence of “teach” are greater than those of “touch”, but for another feature, both the frequency of occurrence and the normalized frequency of occurrence of “touch” are greater than those of “teach”. In order to make a correct choice of an alternative correction, ratio metrics, described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIG, are preferably employed as described hereinbelow.

In this example, the non-contextual similarity scores of the alternative cluster corrections are as indicated in Table 38:

TABLE 38 ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER SIMILARITY CORRECTION SCORE Teach 1.00 touch 0.89

It is seen that the reference cluster is “teach”, since it has the highest similarity score. Nevertheless “touch” is selected based on the final preference score described hereinabove. This is not intuitive as may be appreciated from a consideration of the above matrices which indicate that “teach” has the highest frequency of occurrence and the highest normalized frequency of occurrence. In this example, the final preference score indicates a selection of “touch” over “teach” since the ratio of frequencies of occurrence for a feature in which “touch” is favored is much greater than the ratio of frequencies of occurrence for the other feature in which “teach” is favored.

F. Optionally, an alternative correction may be filtered out on the basis of a comparison of frequency function values and preference metrics for that alternative correction and for the reference cluster using one or more of the following decision rules:

-   -   1. filtering out an alternative correction having a similarity         score below a predetermined threshold and having a CFS frequency         function that is less than the CFS frequency function of the         reference cluster for at least one feature which has a CFS score         which is higher than a predetermined threshold.     -   2. filtering out alternative corrections having a similarity         score below a predetermined threshold and having a preference         metric which is less than a predetermined threshold for at least         one feature which has a CFS score which is higher than another         predetermined threshold.     -   3. a. ascertaining the CFS score of each CFS;         -   b. for each CFS, ascertaining the CFS frequency functions             for the reference cluster and for an alternative correction,             thereby to ascertain whether the reference cluster or the             alternative correction has a higher frequency function for             that CFS;         -   c. summing the CFS scores of CFSs for which the alternative             correction has a higher frequency than the reference             cluster;         -   d. summing the CFS scores of CFSs for which the reference             cluster has a higher frequency than the alternative             correction;         -   e. if the sum in c. is less than the sum in d. filtering out             that alternative correction.

The following example illustrates the filtering functionality described above.

The following input text is provided, typically by speech recognition functionality:

I want [two/to/too] items, please.

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6B, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   [two/to/too]

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   too; to; two

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘I want two’; ‘want two items’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to Stage IIA herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 39 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 39 CFS/ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER CORRECTIONS ‘I want two’ ‘want two items’ Too 9900 0 To 18286300 0 two 8450 140

The alternative corrections “too” and “to” are filtered out because they have zero frequency of occurrence for one of the CFSs, notwithstanding that they have high frequencies of occurrence of another CFS. Thus here, the only surviving CFS is “two”.

G. As discussed hereinabove with reference to Stage III, a ranking is established based on the final preference metric developed as described hereinabove at A-E on the alternative corrections which survive the filtering in F. The alternative correction having the highest final preference score is selected.

H. As discussed hereinabove with reference to Stage 1V, a confidence level is assigned to the selected alternative correction. This confidence level is calculated based on one or more of the following parameters:

-   -   a. number, type and scoring of selected CFSs as provided in         sub-stage IIB above;     -   b. statistical significance of frequency of occurrence of the         various alternative cluster corrections, in the context of the         CFSs;     -   c. degree of consensus on the selection of an alternative         correction, based on preference metrics of each of the CFSs and         the word similarity scores of the various alternative         corrections;     -   d. non-contextual similarity score (stage I) of the selected         alternative cluster correction being above a predetermined         minimum threshold.     -   e. extent of contextual data available, as indicated by the         number of CFSs in the reduced matrix having CFS scores above a         predetermined minimum threshold and having preference scores         over another predetermined threshold.

If the confidence level is above a predetermined threshold, the selected alternative correction is implemented without user interaction. If the confidence level is below the predetermined threshold but above a lower predetermined threshold, the selected alternative correction is implemented but user interaction is invited. If the confidence level is below the lower predetermined threshold, user selection based on a prioritized list of alternative corrections is invited.

The following examples are illustrative of the use of confidence level scoring:

The following input text is provided:

He was not feeling wale when he returned

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6B, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   wale

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   wale; well

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘was not feeling wale’; ‘not feeling wale when’; ‘feeling wale         when he’; ‘wale when he returned’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIA herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 40 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 40 CFS/ ALTERNATIVE ‘was not CLUSTER feeling ‘not feeling ‘feeling wale ‘wale when CORRECTIONS wale’ wale when’ when he’ he returned’ Wale 0 0 0 0 Well 31500 520 100 140

The foregoing example illustrates that, according to all the criteria set forth in H above, the selection of ‘well’ over ‘wale’ has a high confidence level.

In the following example, the confidence level is somewhat less, due to the fact that the alternative correction ‘back’ has a higher frequency of occurrence than ‘beach’ in the CFS ‘beech in the summer’ but ‘beach’ has a higher frequency of occurrence than ‘back’ in the CFSs ‘on the beech in’ and ‘the beech in the’. The alternative correction ‘beach’ is selected with an intermediate confidence level based on criterion H(c).

The following input text is provided:

I like to work on the beech in the summer

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6B, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   beech

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   beach; beech; back

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘on the beech in’; ‘the beech in the’; ‘beech in the summer’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to Stage IIA, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 41 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 41 CFS/ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER ‘on the beech ‘the beech in ‘beech in the CORRECTIONS in’ the’ summer’ Beach 110560 42970 2670 Beech 50 55 0 Back 15300 10390 20090

The alternative correction ‘beach’ is selected with an intermediate confidence level based on criterion H(c).

In the following example, the confidence level is even less, based on criterion H(a):

The following input text is received:

Exerts are restoring the British Museum's round reading room Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6B, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   Exerts

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   Expert; Exerts; Exits

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘Exerts are’; ‘Exerts are restoring’; ‘Exerts are restoring         the’; ‘Exerts are restoring the British’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIA, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 42 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 42 CFS/ ALTERNATIVE ‘Exerts are ‘Exerts are CLUSTER ‘Exerts are restoring restoring the CORRECTIONS ‘Exerts are’ restoring’ the’ British’ Experts 62540 0 0 0 Exerts 140 0 0 0 Exists 8225 0 0 0

All CFSs for which all alternative corrections have a zero frequency of occurrence are eliminated. In this example the following feature-grams are eliminated:

-   -   ‘Exerts are restoring’; ‘Exerts are restoring the’; ‘Exerts are         restoring the British’

In this example the only remaining CFS is the feature-gram:

-   -   ‘Exerts are’

As seen from the foregoing example, the only CFS that survives the filtering process is ‘Exerts are’. As a result, the confidence level is relatively low, since the selection is based on only a single CFS, which is relatively short and includes, aside from the suspected word, only one word, which is a frequently occurring word.

The following example illustrates the usage of the final preference score metric described in stages D & E above.

The following input text is provided:

-   -   Some kids don't do any sport and sit around doing nothing and         getting fast so you will burn some calories and get a lot fitter         if you'exercise.

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 6B, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   fast

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 7A, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   fat; fast

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘and getting fast’; ‘getting fast so’; ‘fast so you’; ‘fast so         you will’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIA herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 43 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 43 CFS/ALTERNATIVE ‘and CLUSTER getting ‘getting ‘fast so ‘fast so CORRECTIONS fast’ fast so’ you’ you will’ CFS IMPORTANCE SCORE 0.8 0.8 0.05 0.2 Fast 280 20 6500 250 Fat 1960 100 1070 115

In this example, the non-contextual similarity scores of the alternative cluster corrections are as indicated in Table 44:

TABLE 44 ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER SIMILARITY CORRECTION SCORE fast 1 fat 0.89

Using the final preference score metric described in stages D & E above, the alternative correction “fat” is selected with low confidence.

Reference is now made to FIG. 10, which is a detailed flowchart illustrating the operation of missing item correction functionality. The missing item correction functionality is operative to correct for missing articles, prepositions, punctuation and other items having principally grammatical functions in an input text. This functionality preferably operates on a spelling-corrected input text output from the spelling correction functionality of FIG. 1.

Identification of suspected missing items is carried out preferably in the following manner:

Initially, feature-grams are generated for a spelling-corrected input text. The frequency of occurrence of each feature-gram in the spelling-corrected input text in a corpus, preferably an internet corpus (FREQ F-G), is ascertained.

An expected frequency of occurrence of each feature-gram (EFREQ F-G) is calculated as follows:

-   -   A feature-gram is assumed to contain n words, identified as         W₁-W_(n).     -   W_(i) designates the i'th word in the feature-gram     -   An expected frequency of occurrence of a given feature-gram is         taken to be the highest of expected frequencies of that         feature-gram based on division of the words in the feature-gram         into two consecutive parts following each of the words W₁ . . .         W_((n−1)).

The expected frequency of a feature-gram based on division of the words in the feature-gram into two consecutive parts following a word W_(i) can be expressed as follows:

EFREQ F-G in respect of W _(i)=(FREQ (W ₁ −W _(i))*FREQ(W _(i+1) −W _(n)))/(TOTAL OF FREQUENCIES OF ALL WORDS IN THE CORPUS)

The expected frequencies of each feature-gram based on all possible divisions of the words in the feature-gram into two consecutive parts are calculated.

If FREQ F-G/EFREQ F-G in respect of W_(i) is less than a predetermined threshold, the feature-gram in respect of W_(i) is considered to be suspect in terms of there being a missing article, preposition or punctuation between W_(i) and W_(i+1) in that feature gram.

A suspect word junction between two consecutive words in a spelling-corrected input text is selected for correction, preferably by attempting to find the word junction which is surrounded by the largest amount of non-suspected contextual data. Preferably, the word junction that has the longest sequence or sequences of non-suspected word junctions in its vicinity is selected.

One or, preferably, more alternative insertions is generated for each word junction, preferably based on a predefined set of possibly missing punctuation, articles, prepositions, conjunctions or other items, which normally do not include nouns, verbs or adjectives.

At least partially context-based and word similarity-based scoring of the various alternative insertions is provided, preferably based on a correction alternatives scoring algorithm, described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 9 and hereinbelow.

The following example is illustrative:

The following input text is provided:

I can't read please help me

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following feature-grams are generated (partial list):

-   -   I can't read; can't read please; read please help; please help         me

Using the functionality described hereinabove, a matrix of the frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus is generated for the above list of feature-grams which typically appears as seen in Table 45:

TABLE 45 FREQUENCY OF FEATURE-GRAM OCCURRENCE I can't read 5600 can't read please 0 read please help 55 please help me 441185

The expected frequency of occurrence is calculated for each feature-gram in respect of each word W_(i) in the feature-gram, in accordance with the following expression:

EFREQ F-G in respect of W _(i)=(FREQ(W ₁ −W _(i))*FREQ(W _(i+1) −W _(n)))/(TOTAL OF FREQUENCIES OF ALL WORDS IN THE CORPUS)

The exemplary results of some of these calculations are seen in Tables 46 and 47:

TABLE 46 EXPECTED FREQ F-G in FREQUENCY OF respect of OCCURRENCE “read”/EFREQ FEATURE- FREQUENCY OF WITH RESPECT F-G in respect GRAM OCCURRENCE TO “read” of “read” can't read 0 0 0 please read please 55 220 0.25 help

TABLE 47 FEATURE- FREQUENCY OF GRAM OCCURRENCE read 157996585 please help 1391300

As seen from the above results, the actual frequency of occurrence of each of the feature-grams is less than the expected frequency of occurrence thereof. This indicates suspected absence of an item, such as punctuation.

A list of alternative insertions to follow the word “read” is generated. This list preferably includes a predetermined list of punctuation, articles, conjunctions and prepositions. Specifically, it will include a period “.”

A partial list of the alternatives is:

-   -   ‘read please’; ‘read. Please’; ‘read of please’; ‘read a please’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated:

-   -   ‘I can't read [?]’; ‘read [?] please help’; ‘ [?] please help         me’

Using the functionality described in stage IIA of FIG. 9, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 48 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

When a ‘.’ is included in a cluster, the CFS frequency of occurrence that includes the cluster with the ‘.’ is retrieved separately for the text before and after the ‘.’. i.e., the feature-gram “can't read. Please” will not be generated because it includes two separate grammar parsing phrases.

TABLE 48 CFS/ ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER ‘can't read ‘read [?] please ‘[?] please help CORRECTIONS [?]’ help’ me’ read please 0 0 0 read. Please 1093 0 357945*   read of please 0 0 0 read a please 0 0 0 *Note: A ‘.’ is omitted from the beginning of a feature gram when calculating its frequency of occurrence in the corpus. For example, the frequency of “. Please help me” is identical to the frequency of “Please help me”.

Using the functionality described in stages D & E of FIG. 9 the final preference metric selects the alternative correction “read. Please” and the corrected input text is:

I can't read. Please help me.

The following example illustrates the functionality of adding a missing preposition.

The following input text is provided:

I sit the sofa

Using the functionality described hereinbelow, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   ‘sit the’

Using the functionality described hereinbelow, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   sit on the; sit of the; sit the

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated:

-   -   ‘I sit the’; ‘sit the sofa’

Using the functionality described in stage IIA with reference to FIG. 9, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 49 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 49 CFS/ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER CORRECTIONS ‘I sit [?] the’ ‘sit [?] the sofa’ sit on the 26370 7400 sit of the 0 0 sit the 2100 0

Using the functionality described in stages IID & IIE of FIG. 9 the final preference metric selects the alternative correction “sit on the” and the corrected input text is:

I sit on the sofa.

Reference is now made to FIG. 11, which is a detailed flowchart illustrating the operation of superfluous item correction functionality. The superfluous item correction functionality is operative to correct for superfluous articles, prepositions, punctuation and other items having principally grammatical functions in an input text. This functionality preferably operates on a spelling-corrected input text output from the spelling correction functionality of FIG. 1.

It is appreciated that the functionality of FIG. 11 may be combined with the functionality of FIG. 10 or alternatively carried out in parallel therewith, prior thereto or following operation thereof.

Identification of suspected superfluous items is carried out preferably in the following manner:

A search is carried out on the spelling-corrected input text to identify items belonging to a predefined set of possibly superfluous punctuation, articles, prepositions, conjunctions and other items, which normally do not include nouns, verbs or adjectives.

For each such item, feature-grams are generated for all portions of the misused-word and grammar corrected, spelling-corrected input text containing such item. A frequency of occurrence is calculated for each such feature-gram and for a corresponding feature-gram in which the item is omitted.

If the frequency of occurrence for the feature-gram in which the item is omitted exceeds the frequency of occurrence for the corresponding feature-gram in which the item is present, the item is considered as suspect.

A suspect item in a misused-word and grammar corrected, spelling-corrected input text is selected for correction, preferably by attempting to find the item which is surrounded by the largest amount of non-suspected contextual data. Preferably, the item that has the longest sequence or sequences of non-suspected words in its vicinity is selected.

A possible item deletion is generated for each suspect item. At least partially context-based and word similarity-based scoring of the various alternatives, i.e. deletion of the item or non-deletion of the item, is provided, preferably based on a correction alternatives scoring algorithm, described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 9 and hereinbelow.

The following example is illustrative.

The following input text is provided:

It is a nice, thing to wear.

The input text is searched to identify any items which belong to a predetermined list of commonly superfluous items, such as, for example, punctuation, prepositions, conjunctions and articles.

In this example, the comma “,” is identified as belonging to such a list.

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the feature-grams, seen in Table 50, which include a comma “,” are generated and identical feature-grams without the comma are also generated (partial list):

TABLE 50 FEATURE-GRAM FEATURE-GRAM WITH COMMA WITHOUT COMMA is a nice, thing is a nice thing a nice, thing to a nice thing to nice, thing to wear nice thing to wear

Using the functionality described hereinabove, a matrix of the frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus is generated for the above list of feature-grams which typically appears as seen in Table 51:

TABLE 51 FREQUENCY OF FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE FEATURE- OCCURRENCE FEATURE- OF FEATURE- GRAM OF FEATURE- GRAM WITH GRAM WITH WITHOUT GRAM WITHOUT COMMA COMMA COMMA COMMA is a nice, thing 0 is a nice thing 10900 a nice, thing to 0 a nice thing to 39165 nice, thing to 0 nice thing to 100 wear wear

As seen in the matrix above, the frequency of occurrence for the feature grams with the “,” omitted exceeds the frequency of occurrence for corresponding feature grams with the “,” present. Therefore, the “,” is considered as suspect of being superfluous.

The possible deletion of the comma is considered, based on context based scoring of the following alternatives of keeping the comma and omitting the comma:

-   -   ‘nice,’; ‘nice’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘a nice,’; ‘nice, thing’; ‘is a nice,’; ‘a nice, thing’; ‘nice,         thing to’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 9 Stage IIA, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 52 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 52 CFS/ ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER ‘nice, ‘is a ‘a nice, ‘nice, CORRECTIONS ‘a nice,’ thing’ nice,’ thing’ thing to’ nice, 379400 0 37790 0 0 Nice 11809290 300675 1127040 69100 58630

All CFSs which are entirely included in other CFSs having at least a minimum threshold frequency of occurrence are eliminated. For example the following feature-grams are eliminated:

-   -   ‘a nice,’; ‘nice, thing’

In this example the remaining CFSs are the feature-grams:

-   -   ‘is a nice,’; ‘a nice, thing’; ‘nice, thing to’

Using the final preference score described in stages D & E of FIG. 9 above, the alternative correction “nice”, without the comma, is selected. The input text after the comma deletion is:

It is a nice thing to wear.

The following example illustrates the functionality of removing a superfluous article.

The following input text is provided:

We should provide them a food and water.

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 11, the following cluster is selected for correction:

-   -   a food

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 11, the following alternative cluster corrections are generated (partial list):

-   -   a food; food

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to FIG. 5, the following CFSs are generated (partial list):

-   -   ‘provide them a food’; ‘them a food and’; ‘a food and water’

Using the functionality described hereinabove with reference to sub-stage IIA herein, the matrix of frequencies of occurrence in an internet corpus seen in Table 53 is generated for the above list of alternative cluster corrections in the above list of CFSs:

TABLE 53 CFS/ALTERNATIVE CLUSTER ‘provide ‘them a ‘a food and CORRECTIONS them a food’ food and’ water’ a food 0 0 950 Food 790 12775 415620

Using the scoring functionality described in FIG. 9, the final preference metric selects the alternative correction “food” and the corrected input text is:

We should provide them food and water.

Reference is now made to FIG. 12, which is a simplified block diagram illustration of a system and functionality for computer-assisted language translation and generation, constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As seen in FIG. 12, input text is supplied to a language generation module 200 from one or more sources, including, without limitation:

sentence search functionality 201, which assists a user to construct sentences by enabling the user to enter a query containing a few words and to receive complete sentences containing such words;

machine text generation functionality 202, which generates natural language sentences from a machine representation system such as a knowledge base or a logical form;

word processor functionality 203, which may produce any suitable text, preferably part of a document, such as a sentence;

machine translation functionality 204, which converts text in a source language into text in a target language and which is capable of providing multiple alternative translated texts, phrases and/or words in the target language, which may be processed by the language generation module as alternative input texts, alternative phrases and/or alternative words;

speech-to-text conversion functionality 205, which converts speech into text and is capable of providing multiple alternative words, which may be processed by the language generation module as an input text with alternatives for each word;

optical character recognition functionality 206, which converts characters into text and is capable of providing multiple alternatives for each word, which may be processed by the language generation module as an input text with alternatives for each word; and

and any other text source 210, such as instant messaging or text communicated on the internet.

Language generation module 200 preferably includes sentence retrieval functionality 212 and sentence generation functionality 214.

It is a particular feature of the present invention that sentence retrieval functionality 212 interacts with a stem-to-sentence index 216, which utilizes an internet corpus 220.

The use of an internet corpus is important in that it provides an extremely large number of sentences, resulting in highly robust language generation functionality.

An internet corpus is a large representative sample of natural language text which is collected from the world wide web, usually by crawling on the internet and collecting text from website pages. Preferably, dynamic text, such as chat transcripts, texts from web forums and texts from blogs, is also collected. The collected text is used for accumulating statistics on natural language text. The size of an internet corpus can be, for example, one trillion (1,000,000,000,000) words or several trillion words, as opposed to more typical corpus sizes of up to 2 billion words. A small sample of the web, such as the web corpus, includes 10 billion words, which is significantly less than one percent of the web texts indexed by search engines, such as GOOGLE®. The present invention can work with a sample of the web, such as the web corpus, but preferably it utilizes a significantly larger sample of the web for the task of text generation.

An internet corpus is preferably employed in one of the following two ways:

One or more internet search engines is employed using modified input text as a search query. Sentences which include words contained in the search query may be extracted from the search results.

The stem-to-sentence index 216 is built up over time by crawling and indexing the internet. Preferably this is done by reducing inflected words appearing in the internet corpus to their respective stems and listing all sentences in the corpus which include words having such stems. The stem-to-sentence index, as well as the search queries, may be based on selectable parts of the internet and may be identified with those selected parts. Similarly, parts of the internet may be excluded or appropriately weighted in order to correct anomalies between internet usage and general language usage. In such a way, websites that are reliable in terms of language usage, such as news and government websites, may be given greater weight than other websites, such as chat or user forums.

Preferably, input text is initially supplied to sentence retrieval functionality 212. The operation of sentence retrieval functionality 212 is described hereinbelow with additional reference to FIG. 13.

The sentence retrieval functionality 212 is operative to split the input text into independent phrases which are then processed independently in the sentence generation module 214. Word stems are generated for all words in each independent phrase. Alternatively, word stems are not generated for some or all of the words in each independent phrase and in such a case, the words themselves are used in a word to sentence index to retrieve sentences from the internet corpus.

The word stems are then classified as being either mandatory word stems or optional word stems. Optional word stems are word stems of adjectives, adverbs, articles, prepositions, punctuation and other items having principally grammatical functions in an input text as well as items in a predefined list of optional words. Mandatory word stems are all word stems which are not optional word stems. The optional word stems may be ranked as to their degree of importance in the input text.

For each independent phrase, the stem-to-sentence index 216 is employed to retrieve all sentences in the internet corpus 220 which include all word stems.

For each independent phrase, if the number of sentences retrieved is less than a predetermined threshold, the stem-to-sentence index 216 is employed to retrieve all sentences in the internet corpus 220 which include all mandatory word stems.

For each independent phrase, if the number of sentences retrieved which include all mandatory word stems is less than another predetermined threshold, a word stem alternatives generator is employed to generate alternatives for all mandatory word stems, as described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 15.

Thereafter, for each independent phrase, the stem-to-sentence index 216 is employed to retrieve all sentences in the internet corpus 220 which include as many mandatory word stems as possible, but no less than one mandatory word stem and also alternatives of all remaining mandatory word stems.

The outputs of the sentence retrieval functionality 212 are preferably as follows:

the independent phrases;

for each independent phrase:

-   -   the mandatory and optional word stems, together with their         ranking;     -   the sentences retrieved from internet corpus 212.

The above outputs of the sentence retrieval functionality 212 are supplied to the sentence generation functionality 214. The operation of sentence generation functionality 214 is described hereinbelow with additional reference to FIGS. 14A & 14B.

For each independent phrase, simplification of the sentences taken from internet corpus 212 is carried out as described hereinbelow:

As seen in FIG. 14A, all words in the sentences taken from the internet corpus are first classified as being either mandatory or unnecessary preferably using the same criteria used to classify the word stems in the independent phrases. Unnecessary words are deleted unless their stems appear in the corresponding independent phrase or are one of the alternative word stems.

Phrases are extracted from all of the sentences using standard parsing functionality. Phrases which do not include any word stem which appears in the corresponding independent phrase or which is an alternative word stem are deleted.

For each independent phrase, the thus simplified sentences resulting from the foregoing steps are grouped into groups having at least a predetermined degree of similarity and the number of simplified sentences in each group is counted.

As shown in FIG. 14B, each such group is ranked using the following criteria:

A. the number of simplified sentences contained therein;

B. degree to which the word stems of the words in the group match the word stems in the independent phrase and their alternatives;

C. the extent to which the group includes words which do not match the words in the independent phrase and their alternatives.

A suitable composite ranking based on criteria A, B and C is preferably provided.

Groups having rankings according to all of criteria A, B and C, taken individually, which fall below predetermined thresholds are eliminated. In addition, groups whose rankings according to all of criteria A, B and C, fall below the rankings of another group are eliminated.

The remaining groups are concatenated to correspond to the input text and are presented to a user in the order of their weighted composite ranking, preferably together with an indication of that ranking.

If the composite ranking of the highest ranking group is above a predetermined threshold, it is validated for automatic text generation.

Reference is now made to FIG. 15, which is a simplified flow chart illustrating functionality for generating alternatives for a word stem, which is useful in the functionalities of FIGS. 12 and 13.

As seen in FIG. 15, for each word stem, a plurality of alternatives is initially generated in the following manner:

A plurality of words, taken from a dictionary, similar to each word stem, both on the basis of written appearance, expressed in character string similarity, and on the basis of sound or phonetic similarity, is retrieved. This functionality is known and available on the internet as freeware, such as GNU Aspell and Google® GSpell. The retrieved and prioritized words provide a first plurality of alternatives.

Additional alternatives may be generated by employing rules based on known alternative usages as well as accumulated user inputs. E.g., u→you, r→are, Im→I am.

A plurality of words, taken from a thesaurus or other lexical database, such as Princeton WordNet, freely available on the internet, which are lexically related to the word stem, such as synonyms, superset or subset, is retrieved.

It is a particular feature of a preferred embodiment of the present invention that contextual information, such as CFSs and more particularly feature-grams, is employed to generate alternatives. Word stems which appear often in the same context may be valid alternatives. Frequently occurring word combinations, such as CFSs and more particularly feature-grams, may be retrieved from an existing corpus, such as an internet corpus.

Where the input text is generated automatically by an external system, such as an optical character recognition, speech-to-text or machine translation system, additional alternatives may be received directly from such system. Such additional alternatives typically are generated in the course of operation of such system. For example, in a machine translation system, the alternative translations of a word in a foreign language may be supplied to the present system for use as alternatives.

The following example is illustrative of the functionality of FIGS. 12-15:

The following input text is received from a word processor or machine translation functionality:

-   -   Be calling if to problem please

In this case the input text consists of a single independent phrase. Stem generation and classification of mandatory/optional word stems provides the following results:

-   -   Mandatory word stems: call, if, problem, please     -   Optional word stems: be, to

Set forth in a table appearing hereinbelow are some, but not all, of the sentences retrieved from the internet corpus for the above results, the corresponding simplified sentences, the groups of simplified sentences, and the group ranking information.

In this example the following ranking procedure is employed, it being understood that the invention is not limited to use of this procedure, which is merely an example:

-   -   Define the weight of a word stem, to indicate the importance of         the word in the language. For word stems in an independent         phrase, the weight is equal to 1 if the word stem is mandatory,         and is equal to less than 1 if the word stem is optional.     -   In the table, the weights are indicated in brackets following         each word stem. For example, “you (0.5)” means that the word         stem ‘you’ has an importance weighting of 0.5.     -   Calculate a Positive Match Rank (corresponding to criterion B         (FIG. 14B)) which is equal to the sum of the above weights of         word stems appearing in the independent phrase and in the         corresponding group of simplified sentences divided by the sum         of weights of all word stems appearing in the independent         phrase.     -   Calculate a Negative Match Rank (corresponding to criterion C         (FIG. 14B)) which is equal to 1−the sum of the above weights of         word stems appearing in the corresponding group of simplified         sentences but not in the independent phrase, divided by the sum         of weights of all word stems appearing in the corresponding         group of simplified sentences.     -   Calculate a Composite Rank (corresponding to 2. (FIG. 14B))         based on the group count (Criterion A (FIG. 14B)) and on the         positive and Negative Match Rank. A preferred Composite Rank is         given by the following general expression:

Composite Rank=a function of the group count multiplied by a weighted sum of the positive and negative match ranks.

-   -   A more specific example is given by the following expression, it         being understood that the invention is not limited to either the         general expression above or the specific expression below:

Composite Rank=SquareRoot (group count)*(0.8*Positive Match Rank+0.2*Negative Match Rank)

Sentence Retrieved From Simplified Internet Corpus Sentence Group Group Ranking If you experience technical If you If you A. Group Count: 2 problems, please call experience experience B. Positive Match Rank = Horizon Wimba technical. problems, problems, 4.1/4.2 = 0.97 please call please call Mandatory words: if (1), If you are experiencing a If you are problem (1), please (1), copier problem, please experiencing a call (1). Optional call the Copier Hotline at problem, please words: be (0.1) and to ext 85400 with the machine call (0.1). number, location and brief to does not appear in description of the problem group. Be appears in one of the simplified sentences as “are” which has the same word stem. C. Negative Match Rank = 1-1.5/5.5 = 0.72 The group words: you (0.5) and experience (1) do not appear in the independent phrase. Composite Rank = 1.3 If you run into any If you run into If you run A. Group Count: 1 problems, have any any problems, into any B. Positive Match Rank = questions, etc, please call please call problems, 4.1/4.2 = 0.97 Madeleine please call Mandatory words: if (1), problem (1), please (1), call (1). Optional words: be (0.1) and to (0.1). Be does not appear in group. To appears as “into” with similar word stem. C. Negative Match Rank = 1-1.6/5.7 = 0.71 The group words: you (0.5), run (1) and any (0.1) do not appear in the independent phrase. Composite Rank = 0.91 Please Call if you have any Please Call if you If you have A. Group Count: 5 problems. have any any problems, B. Positive Match Rank = problems. please call 4/4.2 = 0.95 IF YOU HAVE ANY IF YOU HAVE Mandatory words: if QUESTIONS OR ANY (1), problem (1), please PROBLEMS PROBLEMS, (1), call (1). Optional COMPLETING THIS PLEASE CALL words: be (0.1) and to FORM, PLEASE CALL (0.1). OUR. OFFICE AT 1-888- Be and to do not appear TRY-WVIC in group. If you have any problems, If you have any C. Negative Match please call Daniel at problems, please Rank = 1-1.1/5.1 = <number> call 0.78 If you have any problems, If you have any The group words: you please. call <number> problems, (0.5), have (0.5) and any please. call (0.1) do not appear in Please try various searches, Please call if the independent phrase. especially those that may you have any Composite Rank = 2.04 have booted you out of problems Horizon earlier, and call if you have any additional problems. Critical problems? Please problems? problems? A. Group Count: 1 call our support line. Please call Please call B. Positive MatchRank = 3/4.2 = 0.71 Mandatory words: if (1), problem (1), please (1), call (1). Optional words: be (0.1) and to (0.1). If, be and to do not appear in group. C. Negative Match Rank = 1. The group words don't contain words that do not appear in the independent phrase. Composite Rank = 0.76 If you continue to have If you continue If you A. Group Count: 1 problems accessing your to have continue to B. Positive Match account please call us on problems have Rank = 4.1/4.2 = 0.97 <number> please call problems Mandatory words: if (1), please call problem (1), please (1), call (1). Optional words: be (0.1) and to (0.1). be does not appear in group. C. Negative Match Rank = 1-2/6.1 = 0.67. The group words: you (0.5), continue (1), have (0.5) do not appear in the independent phrase. Composite Rank = 0.91 If problem persists: Please If problem If problem A. Group Count: 1 call our helpline persists: Please persists: B. Positive Match Rank = call Please call 4/4.2 = 0.95 Mandatory words: if (1), problem (1), please (1), call (1). Optional words: be (0.1) and to (0.1). be and to do not appear in group. C. Negative Match Rank = 1-1/5 = 0.8. The group word persist (1) does not appear in the independent phrase. Composite Rank = 0.92 Based on the composite rank, the second group is selected.

It can be appreciated from the foregoing that the present invention as described hereinabove with particular reference to FIGS. 12-15 is capable of transforming the following input text:

Be calling if to problem please

to the following sentence:

If you have any problems, please call

notwithstanding that the sentence does not appear in this exact form in the sentences retrieved from the internet corpus.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and sub-combinations of the various features described and shown hereinabove and modifications thereof which will occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art. 

1. A computer-assisted language generation system comprising: sentence retrieval functionality, operative on the basis of an input text containing words, to retrieve from an internet corpus a plurality of sentences containing words which correspond to said words in the input text; and sentence generation functionality operative using a plurality of sentences retrieved by the sentence retrieval functionality from the internet corpus to generate at least one correct sentence giving expression to the input text.
 2. A computer-assisted language generation system according to claim 1 and wherein said sentence retrieval functionality comprises: an independent phrase generator splitting said input text into one or more independent phrases; a word stem generator and classifier, operative for each independent phrase to generate word stems for words appearing therein and to assign importance weights thereto; and an alternatives generator for generating alternative word stems corresponding to said word stems.
 3. A computer-assisted language generation system according to claim 2 and also comprising a stem to sentence index which interacts with said internet corpus for retrieving said plurality of sentences containing words which correspond to said words in the input text.
 4. A computer-assisted language generation system according to claim 3 and wherein said sentence generation functionality comprises: sentence simplification functionality operative to simplify said sentences retrieved from said internet corpus; simplified sentence grouping functionality for grouping similar simplified sentences provided by said sentence simplification functionality; and simplified sentence group ranking functionality for ranking groups of said similar simplified sentences.
 5. A computer-assisted language generation system according to claim 4 and wherein said simplified sentence group ranking functionality operates using at least some of the following criteria: A. the number of simplified sentences contained in a group; B. degree to which the word stems of the words in the group correspond to the word stems in an independent phrase and their alternatives; C. the extent to which the group includes words which do not correspond to the words in the independent phrase and their alternatives.
 6. A computer-assisted language generation system according to claim 5 and wherein said simplified sentence group ranking functionality operates using at least part of the following procedure: defining the weight of a word stem, to indicate the importance of the word in the language; calculating a Positive Match Rank corresponding to criterion B; calculating a Negative Match Rank corresponding to criterion C; calculating a Composite Rank based on: said number of simplified sentences contained in a group and corresponding to criterion A; said Positive Match Rank; and said Negative Match Rank.
 7. A computer-assisted language generation system according to claim 6 and also comprising: machine translation functionality providing said input text.
 8. (canceled)
 9. A system according to claim 7 and wherein said machine translation functionality provides a plurality of alternatives corresponding to words in said input text and said sentence retrieval functionality is operative to retrieve from said internet corpus a plurality of sentences containing words which correspond to said alternatives.
 10. A computer-assisted language generation system according to claim 9 wherein said language generation comprises text correction.
 11. (canceled)
 12. A computer-assisted language generation system according to claim 10 and also comprising: sentence search functionality providing said input text based on user-entered query words.
 13. (canceled)
 14. A computer-assisted language generation system according to claim 12 and also comprising: speech-to-text conversion functionality providing said input text. 15-25. (canceled)
 26. A system according to claim 4 and also comprising: at least one of: spelling correction functionality; misused word correction functionality; grammar correction functionality; and vocabulary enhancement functionality; and contextual feature-sequence functionality cooperating with at least one of said spelling correction functionality; said misused word correction functionality, grammar correction functionality and said vocabulary enhancement functionality and employing an internet corpus. 27-47. (canceled)
 48. A system according to claim 6 and also comprising: a misused-word suspector evaluating words in an language input; an alternatives generator, generating multiple alternatives for at least some of the words in the language input evaluated as suspect words by said suspector, at least one of said multiple alternatives for a word in the language input being consistent with a contextual feature of said word in the language input in an internet corpus; a selector for selecting among at least said multiple alternatives; and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based at least partially on a selection made by said selector. 49-51. (canceled)
 52. A system according to claim 8 and also comprising: at least one of a spelling correction module, a misused-word correction module, a grammar correction module and a vocabulary enhancement module receiving a multi-word input and providing a correction output, each of said at least one of a spelling correction module, a misused-word correction module, a grammar correction module and a vocabulary enhancement module including: an alternative word candidate generator including: phonetic similarity functionality operative to propose alternative words based on phonetic similarity to a word in said input and to indicate a metric of phonetic similarity; and character string similarity functionality operative to propose alternative words based on character string similarity to a word in said input and to indicate a metric of character string similarity for each alternative word; and a selector operative to select either a word in said output or an alternative word candidate proposed by said alternative word candidate generator by employing said phonetic similarity and character string similarity metrics together with context-based selection functionality.
 53. A system according to claim 2 and also comprising: suspect word identification functionality, receiving a multi-word language input and providing a suspect word output which indicates suspect words; feature identification functionality operative to identify features including said suspect words; an alternative selector identifying alternatives to said suspect words; feature occurrence functionality employing a corpus and providing an occurrence output, ranking various features including said alternatives as to their frequency of use in the corpus; and a selector employing said occurrence output to provide a correction output, said feature identification functionality comprising feature filtration functionality including at least one of: functionality for eliminating features containing suspected errors; functionality for negatively biasing features which contain words introduced in an earlier correction iteration of said multi-word input and which have a confidence level below a confidence level predetermined threshold; and functionality for eliminating features which are contained in another feature having an frequency of occurrence above a predetermined frequency threshold. 54-60. (canceled)
 61. A system according to claim 3 and also comprising: suspect word identification functionality, receiving a multi-word language input and providing a suspect word output which indicates suspect words; feature identification functionality operative to identify features including said suspect words; an alternative selector identifying alternatives to said suspect words; occurrence functionality employing a corpus and providing an occurrence output, ranking features including said alternatives as to their frequency of use in the corpus; and a correction output generator, employing said occurrence output to provide a correction output, said feature identification functionality comprising: at least one of: N-gram identification functionality; and co-occurrence identification functionality; and at least one of: skip-gram identification functionality; switch-gram identification functionality; and previously used by user feature identification functionality. 62-65. (canceled)
 66. A system according to claim 61 and also comprising: a grammatical error suspector evaluating words in a language input; an alternatives generator, generating multiple alternatives for at least some of the words in the language input evaluated as suspect words by said suspector, at least one of said multiple alternatives for a word in the language input being consistent with a contextual feature of said word in the language input; a selector for selecting among at least said multiple alternatives; and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based at least partially on a selection made by said selector. 67-68. (canceled)
 69. A system according to claim 66 and also comprising context based scoring of various alternative corrections, based at least partially on contextual feature-sequence (CFS) frequencies of occurrences in an internet corpus. 70-73. (canceled)
 74. A system according to claim 69 and also comprising vocabulary enhancement functionality including: vocabulary-challenged words identification functionality; alternative vocabulary enhancements generation functionality; and context based scoring functionality, based at least partially on contextual feature-sequence (CFS) frequencies of occurrences in an internet corpus, said alternative vocabulary enhancements generation functionality including thesaurus pre-processing functionality operative to generate alternative vocabulary enhancements. 75-76. (canceled)
 77. A system according to claim 74 and also comprising: a punctuation error suspector evaluating at least some of the words and punctuation in a language input on the basis of their fit within a context of the language input based on frequency of occurrence of feature-grams of said language input in an internet corpus; and a correction generator operative to provide a correction output based at least partially on an evaluation performed by said suspector. 78-81. (canceled) 